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191.
192.
Bettinetti R Croce V Galassi S Volta P 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):59-66
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.010
Background, Aims and Scope Although pp'DDT usage was strongly limited or banned in most parts of the world during the last three or four decades, the
parent compound, its homologues and their metabolites still occur at levels which might pose a risk for many ecosystem components.
A case of DDT pollution of industrial origin was discovered in 1996 in Lake Maggiore, the second largest (212 km2) and deepest
(370 m) lake in Italy, causing concern for wildlife and human health. The extensive monitoring of many biotic and abiotic
compartments which followed from 1998 in order to assess the pollution level and its trend in time, provided a great availability
of data referring to DDT contamination of the different fish species of the lake. In this study, the recent contamination
levels in selected fish species were compared to those measured in 1998 to evaluate the temporal pollution trend of the lake
and its natural recovery, given that no remediation measures were carried out on the contaminated soils and sediments in this
time span. Moreover, a modelling approach to test the equilibrium condition between water and pelagic fish species was used.
Analytical results of pp'DDT and pp'DDE concentrations in lake water were used as input data in the bioenergetic model by
Connolly & Pedersen (1988) to calculate concentrations in two fish species and to compare the predicted and the measured contamination.
Methods Sampling and analytical determination of DDT homologues in lake water: Five water sampling campaigns were carried out from
May 2002 to February 2004 in three sampling sites of Lake Maggiore. Suspended and dissolved pollutants were determined separately.
Quantitative DDT homologue analyses were performed by HRGC coupled with ECD detection by the external standard method. Single
water extracts were put together in correspondence with the stratification zones of the water column inferred on the basis
of the temperature profile to improve analytical sensitivity. Selection of fish data: Concentrations of DDT and DDE in fishes
were selected from recent literature (CIPAIS 2003, 2004). Bioaccumulation model: The bioenergetic model proposed by Connolly
& Pedersen (1988) was used to assess the bioaccumulation of pp'DDT and pp'DDE of Alosa fallax (landlocked shad) and Coregonus
spp. (whitefish), selected among the different species as representative of a secondary consumer level.
Results and Discussion The average concentrations of pp'DDT and pp'DDE in water to be used as input data in the bioenergetic model were obtained
considering all the concentrations measured at the three sampling stations in the epylimnion where the fish species considered
in this study spend most of their life. The resulting values were 0.05 and 0.16 ng/L for pp'DDT and pp'DDE, respectively.
Average measured pp'DDT and pp'DDE concentrations in landlocked shad were 0.81 +/- 0.39 and 1.69 +/- 0.71 mg/kg lipids, respectively,
and were 0.29 +/- 0.12 and 1.06 +/- 0.41 mg/kg lipids for the whitefish. Calculated and measured values turned out to be
in quite good agreement for pp'DDT, while measured pp'DDE concentrations were higher than expected on the basis of the bioenergetic
model in both species. Probably metabolic transformations of pp'DDT accumulated in fish tissues in the past are responsible
for the observed differences between calculated and expected pp'DDE concentrations in fish.
Conclusions Pelagic fishes of Lake Maggiore seem to maintain the DDT accumulated during their life time and the most efficient mechanism
responsible for the fish population recoveries is probably their generation changes; for this reason, equilibrium models cannot
be used until negligible pp'DDT concentrations are reached in fish tissues.
Recommendations and Outlook The limit proposed for pp'DDT in water by the EU Directive 2000/60, which will come in force in 2008, is 0.2 ng/L, four times
higher than the average concentration measured in Lake Maggiore waters. Nevertheless, concentrations measured in Lake Maggiore
fish were very close and sometimes exceeded the Maximum residue limits (MRLs) settled by the Italian legislation for foods
(0.1 mg/kg w.w. for fish containing 5–20% lipid). It seems, therefore, that the 'environmental quality standard' of 0.2 ng/L
cannot guarantee the suitability of fish for human consumption. 相似文献
193.
The pure decomposition behavior of 2,2′-azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and its physical phase transformation were examined and discussed. The thermal decomposition of this self-reactive azo compound was explored using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to elucidate the stages in the progress of this chemical reaction. DSC was used to predict the kinetic and process safety parameters, such as self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT), time to maximum reaction rate under adiabatic conditions (TMRad), and apparent activation energy (Ea), under isothermal and adiabatic conditions with thermal analysis models. Moreover, vent sizing package 2 (VSP2) was applied to examine the runaway reaction combined with simulation and experiments for thermal hazard assessment of AIBN. A thorough understanding of this reaction process can identify AIBN as a hazardous and vulnerable chemical during upset situations. The sublimation and melting of AIBN near its apparent onset decomposition temperature contributed to the initial steps of the reaction and explained the exothermic attributes of the peaks observed in the calorimetric investigation. 相似文献
194.
介绍了火力发电厂设备中的汽轮机的本体结构, 以及汽轮机的安全评价内容.针对汽轮机的本身特点和安全评价内容,提出了两种安全评价方法对汽轮机进行安全评价. 相似文献
195.
分析了当前我国安全评价中存在的问题,探讨一种企业实用的安全综合评价方法.介绍该方法的评价原理、程序和步骤,总结该评价方法的功能、特点和适用范围,提出改进方向. 相似文献
196.
白志伟 《安全.健康和环境》2004,4(11):31-34
运用危害识别、风险评价理论,对液态烃球罐的检验过程中容易发生的危害进行了分析,找出了存在的重大风险,制订了防范措施,保证了安全检验. 相似文献
197.
根据武钢自身安全管理工作的需要,提出了一套以科学的方法、务实的态度、严谨的作风,开展以危险辨识、风险评价、危险控制为核心的职业安全健康管理工作思路,从而使生产环境、职工素质、管理水平等方面均取得较大改善和提高,效果显著。 相似文献
198.
放射性污染的危害及防护措施 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
环境巾的各种放射性污染都能影响人类健康。介绍了放射性污染性质、来源和特点,重点介绍了各种影响人类生活的放射性污染。和环境中的其他污染小同,它不易察觉,但容易在人体中积累,人们要关注放射性污染,对它有一个科学的认识,才能保护自身的健康。 相似文献
199.
200.