Seasonal and tidal impact on the organic compounds and nutrients distribution in tropical mangroves,Kerala, India

Seasonal changes in the concentration of nutrients and various organic compounds were studied in the waters surrounding mangroves and in the marshy areas of mangroves. Higher amounts of nutrients and organic compounds were observed during low tide. This is due to the remineralisation of plant detritus in this area. High concentration of carbohydrates, proteins, chlorophyll and phosphate were observed during monsoon, which can be attributed to the leaching of plant detritus as well as the land run-off. During pre-monsoon and post-monsoon high tannin and lignin concentration was noted. A 24-hour sampling was also done to study the tidal impact on the concentrations of various organic compounds and nutrients in this ecosystem. Even though a tidal impact was observed, a clear picture was not reported in this study.     

山水风景地区控规指标体系构建及指标赋值方法的探析——以千岛湖为例

为解决现行的传统城市地区控制性详细规划（简称控规,后同）对山水风景地区控制不力的现象,以千岛湖地区为例,对山水风景地区控规进行了探讨,对控规指标体系的内容和赋值方法进行了有针对性的扩展和改进。借助GIS等技术手段,对地方性特色元素进行分析,并以此为基础,建立了以”分区控制和分类引导”为核心的控制指标体系。将单一地块进一步划分为亚区域进行分别控制,同时通过图示的方式对不同的建设类型进行引导。根据山水风景地区的建设特征,进一步引入、明确了地表改变率、建筑绝对高度、建筑投影面积等指标的赋值方法,增加了城市设计导引等内容,丰富、强化了山水风景地区控规的内容和可操作性。     

两种水体铜配合容量测试方法的适用性比较及应用

配合(络合)容量是影响重金属在水体中环境行为的重要指标.为比较两种测量方法测量值的差异及人为污染物对配合容量的影响,以乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和安赛蜜分别作为强、弱配体,对水体铜配合容量(Cu CC)的双硫腙萃取动力学测试法(萃取法)和离子选择电极测试法(电极法)进行验证和比较.研究发现,萃取法更适合用于测定水体中强配体对Cu CC的贡献,而电极法的测试结果与水溶液中强、弱配体的存在均有关联.两种方法对实际水体的测定结果显示,电极法对水库、排污河等地表水体Cu CC的测定值(86.9~227.0μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(9.9~14.6μmol·L~(-1))高约1个数量级,而对于垃圾渗沥液,电极法的测定值(6 998.4~31 005.8μmol·L~(-1))比萃取法(89.6~109.1μmol·L~(-1))高2个数量级.结果表明,污染受纳水体重金属络合容量的升高主要是由弱配体化合物增加导致,且弱配体的含量与水体氨氮和有机氮的总和具有显著的相关性(R=0.975,P0.01).     

The Estuarine Component of the Us E.P.A.'S Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development has initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitor status and trends in the condition of the nation's near coastal waters, forests, wetlands, agro-ecosystems, surface waters, deserts and rangelands. the programme is also intended to evaluate the effectiveness of Agency policies at protecting ecological resources occurring in these systems. Monitoring data collected for all ecosystems will be integrated for regional and national status and trends assessments. the near coastal component of EMAP consists of estuaries, coastal waters, and the Great Lakes. Near coastal ecosystems have been regionalized and classified, and an integrated sampling strategy has been developed. EPA and NOAA have agreed to coordinate and, to the extent possible, integrate the near coastal component of EMAP with the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. A demonstration project was conducted in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region (Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod) in the summer of 1990. in 1991, monitoring continued in mid-Atlantic estuaries and was initiated in estuaries of a portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Preliminary results indicate: there are no insurmountable logistical problems with sampling on a regional scale; several of the selected indicators are practical and sensitive on the regional scale; and an efficient effort in future years will provide valuable information on condition of estuarine resources at regional scales.     

感潮港口多时段船舶引航过程风险仿真模型

为研究感潮港口船舶在不同潮时进港靠泊的引航过程风险演化规律,以优化泊位利用率和提高港口的生产效率,有必要进行多时段船舶引航过程风险的动态仿真。在对船舶引航任务场景和历史数据进行分析的基础上,采取HHM方法构建船舶引航过程的关键风险指标体系,采用AHP-CRITIC方法结合风险因素的主客观分布特点获取不同引航阶段中各指标权重,最后利用不确定人工智能云模型进行多时段船舶引航过程风险的建模仿真。通过某集装箱船的感潮水域引航过程场景分析,融合采样点的客观数据和专家知识对6个靠泊窗口期船舶引航过程风险进行动态仿真。结果表明:船舶引航过程风险演化整体呈U形曲线模式,相比正常航行阶段风险值,船舶引航初始和靠泊阶段风险值高60%左右;感潮港口6个窗口期的船舶引航过程风险略有差异,潮高、潮流对船舶交通流和起锚、靠泊作业安全影响明显。     

NATIONWIDE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF IMPACT ON RECEIVING WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Urban stormwater runoff has been recognized as a potential major contributor of pollution to receiving waters. However the projected high costs of control have prompted an examination of the extent to which these impacts have been documented. A nationwide search was conducted for case studies demonstrating a cause-effect linkage between urban runoff and impairment of beneficial uses in receiving waters. The results indicate that numerous definitions of “impacts” are being used and that few substantive data exist to support many of these allegations. Results of a preliminary impact assessment are presented for the 248 urbanized areas of the United States. Then, the results of more recent efforts to assess these impacts in several case studies are described. This assessment demonstrates the critical need for additional short-term and long-term sampling programs.     

Solar and Tidal Modulations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Coastal Waters at Huntington Beach,California

The coastal waters at many beaches in California and the United States are afflicted with fecal pollution, which poses a health risk for people exposed to the water through recreational activities such as swimming, surfing, and diving. Identifying sources of pollution is complicated by oceanographic transport/mixing processes and the nonconservative behavior of microorganisms exposed to sunlight and hostile marine conditions. This article investigates the variation of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in the surf zone and the adjacent coastal marsh by applying autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses that illustrate solar and tidal modulations. A steady state bioreactor model was developed to explain solar inactivation in the surf zone, whereas a dynamic model was applied to explain tidally influenced disturbances in the coastal marsh. These models applied to intensive monitoring datasets on FIB and environmental variables have provided insights into the biologic and physical processes controlling coastal water quality, specifically the influence of sunlight and tides on bacterial levels.     

Sharing waters: Post-Rio international water management

Transcending human-defined political and administrative boundaries, the world's transboundary freshwater resources pose particularly challenging management problems. Water resource users at all scales frequently find themselves in direct competition for this economic and life-sustaining resource, in turn creating tensions, and indeed conflict, over water supply, allocation, and quality. At the international scale, where the potential for conflict is of particular concern, significant efforts are underway to promote greater cooperation in the world's international river basins, with notable achievements in the past decade following the Dublin and Rio conferences. Over the past ten years, the international community has adopted conventions, declarations, and legal statements concerning the management of international waters, while basin communities have established numerous new basin institutions. Despite these developments, significant vulnerabilities remain. Many international basins still lack any type of joint management structure, and certain fundamental management components are noticeably absent from those that do. An understanding of these weaknesses, however, offers an opportunity for both the international and basin communities to better respond to the specific institution-building needs of basin communities and thereby foster broader cooperation over the world's international water resources.     

山东省近岸海域水质现状及变化趋势研究

通过对2003-2007年山东省近岸海域水质监测数据的分析,总结其近岸海域的水质状况及污染特征,并采用秩相关系数法对山东省近岸海域水质状况时空变化趋势进行分析与评价。结果表明,山东省近岸海域水质以一、二类海水为主,黄海近岸海域水质略好于渤海。全省近岸海域污染以有机污染为主,主要污染因子为无机氮和化学需氧量。2003-2007年,山东省近岸海域水质变化趋势基本稳定,但主要污染物化学需氧量的含量呈上升趋势。     

Determination of total hydrocarbon concentration in coastal waters and sediments off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

To determine the level of total hydrocarbon concentrations (THCs) along the eastern coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia, samples of subsurface seawater (1 m) and surface sediments were collected from several sampling stations between June and August 1993. THCs in seawater and sediments as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy ranged from 1.4 to 21.8 µg L-1 (Seligi crude oil equivalents) and from 0.79 to 20.0 mg kg-1 (dry weight Seligi crude oil equivalents) respectively. In comparison to results obtained in similar surveys in Malaysian waters, the levels of THCs found in the present study were significantly lower indicating lower hydrocarbon contamination in the area studied.