基于OLCI数据的福建近海悬浮物浓度遥感反演

悬浮物（TSM）是评估水质的重要指标,也是水色遥感反演的核心参数之一.海陆色度仪（OLCI）是新一代海洋水色传感器,具有良好的光谱及时空分辨率.为有效监测福建近海悬浮物浓度的时空变化,本文结合OLCI遥感数据和现场实测悬浮物浓度数据,使用CatBoost、随机森林和多元回归方法,分别构建悬浮物浓度反演模型,最后使用验证集对比分析不同模型的反演精度.结果表明,CatBoost模型估算精度最高,均方根误差（RMSE）为2.76 mg·L^-1,平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）为23.67%,决定系数R²为0.89.使用CatBoost模型对2017—2018年多时相OLCI影像进行TSM浓度遥感反演,结果发现,福建近海TSM浓度变化显著,但总体呈现近岸高于远岸、北部高于南部、江河入海口和港湾处高于周围其他海域、春季高于夏季的时空分布特征.本研究可为福建近海的悬浮物浓度监测提供一种有效的方法,也进一步证明了OLCI影像良好的水色反演能力,可作为水质监测的有效遥感数据源.     

航道水域的船舶夜航环境风险评价

准确地识别航道水域夜航环境的风险因子并对其进行客观、合理地评价,可以有效规避该风险并保障航道水域船舶的夜航安全。在查阅分析大量文献的基础上,结合专家意见确定航道水域夜航环境风险评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵权法确定了各指标的主、客观权重。采用物元综合评价法对航道水域夜航环境风险进行评价,通过查阅相关标准和文献确定航道水域夜航环境风险因子的经典域和节域,将实测的定量定性指标数据代入关联函数计算得出对应等级的关联度,乘以权重向量后确定该水域环境的风险等级。选取天津港3条航道进行实例评价,结果表明,船舶在航道B夜航为低风险,在航道A和航道C夜航为一般风险,实例结果与航道实际情况一致,验证了该方法的有效性。     

Integrating geochemical (surface waters, stream sediments) and biological (diatoms) approaches to assess AMD environmental impact in a pyritic mining area: Aljustrel (Alentejo, Portugal)

Aljustrel mines were classified as having high environmental hazard due to their large tailings volume and high metal concentrations in waters and sediments.To assess acid mine drainage impacted systems whose environmental conditions change quickly,the use of biological indicators with short generation time such as diatoms is advantageous.This study combined geochemical and diatom data,whose results were highlighted in 3 groups:Group 1,with low p H(1.9–5.1)and high metal/metalloid(Al,As,Cd,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb,Zn;0.65–1032 mg/L)and SO_4(405–39124 mg/L)concentrations.An acidophilic species,Pinnularia aljustrelica,was perfectly adapted to the adverse conditions;in contrast,teratological forms of Eunotia exigua were found,showing that metal toxicity affected this species.The low availability of metals/metalloids in sediments of this group indicates that metals/metalloids of the exchangeable fractions had been solubilized,which in fact enables metal/metalloid diatom uptake and consequently the occurrence of teratologies;Group 2,with sites of near neutral p H(5.0–6.8)and intermediate metal/metalloid(0.002–6 mg/L)and SO_4(302–2179 mg/L)concentrations;this enabled the existence of typical species of uncontaminated streams(Brachysira neglectissima,Achnanthidium minutissimum);Group 3,with samples from unimpacted sites,showing low metal/metalloid(0–0.8 mg/L)and SO_4(10–315 mg/L)concentrations,high pH(7.0–8.4)and Cl contents(10–2119 mg/L)and the presence of brackish to marine species(Entomoneis paludosa).For similar conditions of acidity,differences in diversity,abundance and teratologies of diatoms can be explained by the levels of metals/metalloids.     

Phenol transformation induced by UVA photolysis of the complex FeCl<Superscript>2+</Superscript>

Here we show that the photolysis of FeCl²⁺ upon UV irradiation of Fe(III) at pH 0.5, yielding Cl^• and then Cl₂^−•, upon further reaction with Cl⁻, induces phenol degradation. The photolysis of FeCl²⁺ can be highlighted and studied as the huge interference by FeOH²⁺ can be avoided under such conditions. Our data allowed the assessment of a photolysis quantum yield for FeCl²⁺ of 5.8 × 10⁻⁴ under UVA irradiation, much lower compared to the literature value of 0.5. The discrepancy can be explained if the photolysis process is efficient but photoformed Fe²⁺ and Cl^• undergo recombination inside the solvent cage.     

A Methodology for Assessing Blast Protection in Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bomb Suits

To reduce human casualties associated with explosive ordnance disposal, a wide range of protective wear has been designed to shield against the blast effects of improvised explosive devices and munitions. In this study, 4 commercially available bomb suits, representing a range of materials and armor masses, were evaluated against 0.227 and 0.567 kg of spherical C-4 explosives to determine the level of protection offered to the head, neck, and thorax.

A Hybrid III dummy, an instrumented human surrogate [1], was tested with and without protection from the 4 commercially available bomb suits. 20 tests with the dummy torso mounted to simulate a kneeling position were performed to confirm repeatability and robustness of the dummies, as well as to evaluate the 4 suits. Correlations between injury risk assessments based on past human or animal injury model data and various parameters such as bomb suit mass, projected area, and dummy coverage area were drawn.     

Solar and Tidal Modulations of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Coastal Waters at Huntington Beach,California

The coastal waters at many beaches in California and the United States are afflicted with fecal pollution, which poses a health risk for people exposed to the water through recreational activities such as swimming, surfing, and diving. Identifying sources of pollution is complicated by oceanographic transport/mixing processes and the nonconservative behavior of microorganisms exposed to sunlight and hostile marine conditions. This article investigates the variation of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in the surf zone and the adjacent coastal marsh by applying autocorrelation and cross-correlation analyses that illustrate solar and tidal modulations. A steady state bioreactor model was developed to explain solar inactivation in the surf zone, whereas a dynamic model was applied to explain tidally influenced disturbances in the coastal marsh. These models applied to intensive monitoring datasets on FIB and environmental variables have provided insights into the biologic and physical processes controlling coastal water quality, specifically the influence of sunlight and tides on bacterial levels.     

空气整段间隔流动注射-催化动力学光度法测定天然水中痕量钒

应用空气整段间隔流动注射法与改进的钒-溴酸钾-没食子酸催化动力学反应体系相结合,建立了测定天然水体中痕量钒的催化动力学光度FIA法。通过使用一个自制的进样阀,使样品带在反应管道中的留存时间得到延长,加热允许温度得到提高。在温度80℃,反应留存时间4.75min条件下,可测定0—10ppb的钒,检出限达0.1ppb。测定2ppb钒样品时,RSD为2.7％(n=10),测定频率达90次/h,方法的平均回收率在80—109％之间。     

Quantitative Relationships between Predatory and Nonpredatory Animals in Freshwater Ecosystems

The ratios between the sizes of predators and prey have been estimated. On average, the linear sizes and body weights of aquatic predatory animals are approximately three and nine times greater, respectively, than those of nonpredatory animals. The biomass of predators in waters with different productivity levels is, on average, about 20% of the biomass of nonpredatory animals. However, the ratio between the biomasses of predatory and nonpredatory animals in the same water body may vary seasonally and annually and differ in different parts of this water body. The average numbers of predatory fish in ichthyocenoses are no more than 3% of the numbers of nonpredatory fish. The living space (individual range) of predatory fish is about 40 times larger than that of their prey. The relatively low numbers of predators in water bodies may be accounted for by the lower number of predatory species and their higher mortality at early developmental stages, compared to nonpredatory species.     

A preliminary cost and engineering estimate for desalinating produced formation water associated with carbon dioxide capture and storage

The risk associated with storage of carbon dioxide in the subsurface can be reduced by removal of a comparable volume of existing brines (e.g. Buscheck et al., 2011). In order to avoid high costs for disposal, the brines should be processed into useful forms such as fresh and low-hardness water. We have carried out a cost analysis of treatment of typical subsurface saline waters found in sedimentary basins, compared with conventional seawater desalination. We have also accounted for some cost savings by utilization of potential well-head pressures at brine production wells, which may be present in some fields due to CO₂ injection, to drive desalination using reverse osmosis. Predicted desalination costs for brines having salinities equal to seawater are about half the cost of conventional seawater desalination when we assume the energy can be obtained from excess pressure at the well head. These costs range from 32 to 40¢ per m³ permeate produced. Without well-head energy recovery, the costs are from 60 to 80¢ per m³ permeate. These costs do not include the cost of any brine production or brine reinjection wells, or pipelines to the well field, or other site-dependent factors.     

Assessment of a model of pollution disaster in near-shore coastal waters based on catastrophe theory

In this study, a model for assessing of environmental disasters in near-shore areas was developed using a multi-criteria evaluation method of catastrophe theory. The assessment model involved scenarios of eutrophication, pollution with heavy metals and organic compounds. An evaluation system of the model was composed of seven mesosphere indicators and twenty underlying indicators including water chemistry, water physics, water biology, heavy metals and organic pollutants in water and surface sediments. The model was applied to possibility assessment of environmental disasters in different functional regions of the Dalian Bay in 2001 and 2006. Results showed that the environmental disaster indicators in 2001 were equivalent to the Level 4 standard values of marine functional areas, but the eutrophication disaster indicators were lower than the Level 4 standard values. It is consistent with the occurrence of a large-scale red tide in Dalian Bay in 2001. In 2006, eutrophication remained the dominant problem of the region but organic pollutants, such as oil, were reduced remarkably. This coincided with ongoing local environmental-friendly practices for industries.