NATIONWIDE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF IMPACT ON RECEIVING WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Urban stormwater runoff has been recognized as a potential major contributor of pollution to receiving waters. However the projected high costs of control have prompted an examination of the extent to which these impacts have been documented. A nationwide search was conducted for case studies demonstrating a cause-effect linkage between urban runoff and impairment of beneficial uses in receiving waters. The results indicate that numerous definitions of “impacts” are being used and that few substantive data exist to support many of these allegations. Results of a preliminary impact assessment are presented for the 248 urbanized areas of the United States. Then, the results of more recent efforts to assess these impacts in several case studies are described. This assessment demonstrates the critical need for additional short-term and long-term sampling programs.     

浮头式换热器故障树的建立

通过现场调研，运用故障树对浮头式换热器常见故障进行分析，得出浮头式换热器系统的主要故障为腐蚀导致的泄漏。从而，从设计、焊接制造、安装、操作维护等几个环节提出改进措施，为浮头式换热器的可靠性分析提供指导。     

Jason-2卫星测高数据在陆地水域水位变化监测中的应用——以南洞庭湖为例

论文在对Jason-2/OSTM GDRs数据特点、湖泊水位计算原理、测高数据编辑与处理过程进行详细阐述的基础上,以地处长江中游的南洞庭湖区为监测实例,对Jason-2卫星测高数据在陆地水域水位变化监测中的应用进行了试验研究。在同监测点距离最近的地面水文站实测水位的对比来看,二者监测结果间存在显著的线性相关关系,相关系数达0.974。表明基于Jason-2/OSTM GDR数据的水位监测结果具有较高的可信度,在陆地水域水位变化卫星监测中具有一定的现实可行性,从而为我国陆地水域水位变化监测提供了一种新的有效技术手段。     

区域规划中纳污海域海洋环境容量计算方法研究

由于影响海洋污染物变化的海洋学和生态学过程的复杂性,尚没有建立起来计算海洋环境容量的普遍方法。本文运用分区达标控制法对大连市金港区总体规划中纳污海域的COD,无机氮,PO4-P和石油类污染物的海洋环境容量进行了计算。通过分区达标控制法计算结果为21500、2942、126和763 t/a。     

静态顶空-气相色谱法测定水中二硫化碳

采用气相色谱法静态顶空进样,HP-1柱分离,FPD检测器检测,测定水中CS2,并对测定条件进行了探讨。实验表明,当取样量为10.0 mL,气液比为12.3,在40℃平衡25 min时,能获得满意的灵敏度,且稳定性很好。二硫化碳在0.63μg/L～502μg/L之间呈线性,相关系数为0.999 2,相对标准偏差为1.3%～5.7%、加标回收率为88%～105%,检出限可达0.3μg/L。干扰试验表明硫化氢、甲硫醇、甲硫醚不干扰二硫化碳的测定。本方法操作简便,测定快速,完全能够满足快速分析水中二硫化碳的要求。     

渤海近海大气颗粒物金属元素的入海通量

采集了渤海近海岛屿1 a的大气TSP样品,利用原子吸收光谱仪测定样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Fe、Mn、V等金属元素含量,通过模型计算各元素干湿沉降通量,分析大气颗粒物入海通量的季节性变化,结果显示各元素的干沉降通量年均值分别为:Pb 34.344 μg/(m2·d),Zn 89.273 μg/(m2·d),Cu0....     

辽宁长海海域叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布

2007年1月14～20日、4月3～8日、7月20～25日和10月22～27日利用荧光法和<'14>C示踪法,对辽宁省长海海域的叶绿素a和初级生产力进行了调查.结果表明叶绿素a和初级生产力均有明显的季节变化.叶绿素a(0.36～1.94 ms/m<'3>)和初级生产力(以c计)[170.27～1326.20 mg/(m...     

浙南海域麻痹性贝毒研究

在浙南海域共采集了10种贝类40份样品.运用高效液相色谱方法检测麻痹性贝毒,共检出5份样品含有麻痹性贝毒.染毒样品检出的麻痹性贝毒毒力值范围为22.3～70.0 μgSTXeq/100 g软组织,均低于我国目前暂定的80μgSTXeq/100 g的安全警戒值.5个样品中共检测出7种麻痹性贝毒成分,其中以C2,GTX5和...     

The Influence of Enhanced Side Impact Protection on Kinematics and Injury Measures of Far- or Center-Seated Children in Forward-Facing Child Restraints

Objective: To evaluate the influence of forward-facing child restraint systems’ (FFCRSs) side impact structure, such as side wings, on the head kinematics and response of a restrained, far- or center-seated 3-year-old anthropomorphic test device (ATD) in oblique sled tests.

Methods: Sled tests were conducted utilizing an FFCRS with large side wings and with the side wings removed. The CRS were attached via LATCH on 2 different vehicle seat fixtures—a small SUV rear bench seat and minivan rear bucket seat—secured to the sled carriage at 20° from lateral. Four tests were conducted on each vehicle seat fixture, 2 for each FFCRS configuration. A Q3s dummy was positioned in FFCRS according to the CRS owner's manual and FMVSS 213 procedures. The tests were conducted using the proposed FMVSS 213 side impact pulse. Three-dimensional motion cameras collected head excursion data. Relevant data collected during testing included the ATD head excursions, head accelerations, LATCH belt loads, and neck loads.

Results: Results indicate that side wings have little influence on head excursions and ATD response. The median lateral head excursion was 435 mm with side wings and 443 mm without side wings. The primary differences in head response were observed between the 2 vehicle seat fixtures due to the vehicle seat head restraint design. The bench seat integrated head restraint forced a tether routing path over the head restraint. Due to the lateral crash forces, the tether moved laterally off the head restraint reducing tension and increasing head excursion (477 mm median). In contrast, when the tether was routed through the bucket seat's adjustable head restraint, it maintained a tight attachment and helped control head excursion (393 mm median).

Conclusion: This testing illustrated relevant side impact crash circumstances where side wings do not provide the desired head containment for a 3-year-old ATD seated far-side or center in FFCRS. The head appears to roll out of the FFCRS even in the presence of side wings, which may expose the occupant to potential head impact injuries. We postulate that in a center or far-side seating configuration, the absence of door structure immediately adjacent to the CRS facilitates the rotation and tipping of the FFCRS toward the impact side and the roll-out of the head around the side wing structure. Results suggest that other prevention measures, in the form of alternative side impact structure design, FFCRS vehicle attachment, or shared protection between the FFCRS and the vehicle, may be necessary to protect children in oblique side impact crashes.     

三峡水库开县消落区水域冬季蓄水期间藻类群落结构与水质评价

2008年12月三峡水库第一次试验性蓄水至172.8 m后,开县老县城区域被淹没呈水库特征,对蓄水后开县消落区水域水生生物生态及水体营养状态的研究目前还鲜见报道.为了解172.8 m水位后开县消落区水域水环境的现状及藻类群落结构的变化,于2009年1月和2009年12月冬季蓄水期间2次对包括汉丰湖在内的开县消落区水域4个样点藻类组成、数量和生物量的分布及变化情况进行了跟踪观测,初步分析了浮游植物种群结构的变化趋势,并从生物角度评估了水域的水质营养状况.结果表明,2次采样共鉴定出浮游植物6门37属69种(含变种),优势种群均为甲藻和隐藻,2009年12月藻类细胞密度和生物量低于2009年1月.藻类种群结构和污染指示种评价结果显示,冬季蓄水期间开县消落区各采样断面的营养水平属于中-富营养类型.多样性分析的结果表明开县消落区水域冬季蓄水期间处于中污染状态.