深圳妈湾电厂温排水海洋生态影响回顾性评价

沿海地区电厂温排水在物理、化学、生物等方面对附近海域温度造成的影响越来越受到人们的关注。本文采用现场实测与数值模拟相结合的方法,确定电厂温排水的影响范围,模拟受纳水域的温升分布,评价温排水对海洋生态环境的影响程度,以期为近海海域热污染防治提供技术依据。     

Organochlorines in sediments and mussels collected from coastal sites along the Pearl River Delta, South China

IntroductionContaminationofthemarineenvironmentassociatedwithorganochlorineshasreceivedincreasingattentionoverthelastthirtyyears.Particularattentionhasbeenfocusedonthecoastalzoneandestuaries ,especiallynearmetropolitanregion(Sericano ,1990 ) .ThePearlRiverestuarine ,rangefromDayaBayintheeasttoChangshanIslandsinthewest,supportslargepopulationsofmarineorganismsandextensivefisheriesintheSouthChina .Sincethe 1980s ,therehasbeenrapideconomicdevelopmentinthePearlRiverDeltaresultinginexcessivedi…     

Reality and risk of contact-type head injuries related to bicycle-mounted child seats

Objective

The authors have treated numerous children who have been injured by falling from bicycle-mounted child seats. Despite the greatly increased use of such seats, the understanding of their risk and the importance of helmet use remains alarmingly poor. The objective of this study was to confirm the risk of bicycle-mounted child seats and to evaluate the efficacy of helmets, seat belts, and back seat height in terms of preventing or mitigating contact-type head impacts that occur in falls from bicycle-mounted child seats.

Materials and methods

Biometrical dummy tests were performed to examine contact-type head injuries in falls from stationary bicycles. A bicycle with an anthropometric test dummy placed in a bicycle-mounted child seat was tipped over. Each test was repeated three times and three-dimensional acceleration was measured using accelerometer. Head Injury Criteria (HIC) were calculated and the respective influences of a helmet, a seat belt, and increased height of the back of the seat on such impacts were evaluated.

Results

Only helmets unequivocally lowered maximal acceleration and/or HIC values with statistical significance. The seat belt lowered HIC values as long as it was used with the high-back seat. Only when the dummy wore a helmet sitting in a high-back seat did the HIC show less than the threshold of 570 for three-year-old children. The HIC showed the lowest score of 161.5 when the dummy wore both a helmet and a seat belt sitting in a high-back seat.

Conclusions

Riders in bicycle-mounted child seats definitely have higher risks of contact-type head injuries. In transporting a child on a bicycle-mounted child seat, parents must use both a child-bicycle helmet and a high-back child seat at least; a seat belt is highly recommended as long as it is used with the other safety devices.

Impact on Industry

The bicycle-mounted child seat should have a high enough back and an appropriate seat belt to protect the head of the child from a contact-type injury.     

上海水体营养分级的群落代谢率模型

在标准实验条件下测定天然浮游生物群落产氧率（Ｐ）和呼吸率（Ｒ）。同时结合总氮、总磷、叶绿素ａ等水质化学、生物学指标,运用方差分析、多元逐步回归分析等定量研究手段,确定Ｆ值即√Ｐ×（Ｐ／Ｒ）为代谢率的合适指标评价富营养化。在概率基础上确定Ｆ值的开发型分类,并建立了能快速、准确差别营养污染程度的差别模型。     

固体废物中氰化物的浸出特性研究

采用零顶空提取器,对固体废物中氰化物做浸出试验,浸出液用流动注射法测定,并探讨固体废物中影响氰化物浸出的因素。对浸提时间和浸提次数的试验考察可知,冲刷、溶解、吸附、解吸等多种机制作用于浸出的不同阶段。试验表明,当浸提时间为18 h、浸提次数为2次时能将氰化物基本浸提出来;固体废物经稳固化处理后可明显降低氰化物的浸出量,固体废物本身所含的吸附性组分可不同程度地降低氰化物的浸出量。     

Differences in the kinematics of booster-seated pediatric occupants using two different car seats

Objective: The objective of this article is to compare the performance of forward-facing child restraint systems (CRS) mounted on 2 different seats.

Methods: Two different anthropomorphic test device (ATD) sizes (P3 and P6), using the same child restraint system (a non-ISOFIX high-back booster seat), were exposed to the ECE R44 regulatory deceleration pulse in a deceleration sled. Two different seats (seat A, seat B) were used. Three repetitions per ATD and mounting seat were done, resulting in a total of 12 sled crashes. Dummy sensors measured the head tri-axial acceleration and angular rate and the thorax tri-axial acceleration, all acquired at 10,000 Hz. A high-speed video camera recorded the impact at 1,000 frames per second. The 3D kinematics of the head and torso of the ATDs were captured using a high-speed motion capture system (1,000 Hz). A pair-matched statistical analysis compared the outcomes of the tests using the 2 different seats.

Results: Statistically significant differences in the kinematic response of the ATDs associated with the type of seat were observed. The maximum 3 ms peak of the resultant head acceleration was higher on seat A for the P3 dummy (54.5 ± 1.9 g vs. 44.2 ± 0.5 g; P =.012) and for the P6 dummy (56.0 ± 0.8 g vs. 51.7 ± 1.2 g; P =.015). The peak belt force was higher on seat A than on seat B for the P3 dummy (5,488.0 ± 198.0 N vs. 4,160.6 ± 63.6 N; P =.008) and for the P6 dummy (7,014.0 ± 271.0 N vs. 5,719.3 ± 37.4 N; P =.015). The trajectory of the ATD head was different between the 2 seats in the sagittal, transverse, and frontal planes.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the overall response of the booster-seated occupant exposed to the same impact conditions was different depending on the seat used regardless of the size of the ATD. The differences observed in the response of the occupants between the 2 seats can be attributed to the differences in cushion stiffness, seat pan geometry, and belt geometry. However, these results were obtained for 2 particular seat models and a specific CRS and therefore cannot be directly extrapolated to the generality of vehicle seats and CRS.     

Evaluating the Slope‐Area Method to Accurately Identify Stream Channel Heads in Three Physiographic Regions

Estimation of stream channel heads is an important task since ephemeral channels play a significant role in the transport of sediment and materials to perennial streams. The slope‐area method utilizes digital elevation model (DEM) and related information to develop slope‐area threshold relationships used to estimate the position of channel heads in the watershed. A total of 162 stream channel heads were mapped across the three physiographic regions of Alabama, including the Southwestern Appalachians (51), Piedmont/Ridge and Valley (61), and Coastal Plains (51). Using Geographic Information System and DEM, the local slope and drainage area for each mapped channel head was calculated and region‐specific models were developed and evaluated. Results demonstrated the local slope and drainage area had an inverse and strong correlation in the Piedmont/Ridge and Valley region (r² = 0.71) and the Southwestern Appalachian region (r² = 0.61). Among three physiographic regions, the weakest correlation was observed in the Coastal Plain region (r² = 0.45). By comparing the locations of modeled channel heads to those located in the field, calculated reliability and sensitivity indices indicated model accuracy and reliance were weak to moderate. However, the slope‐area method helped define the upstream boundaries of a more detailed channel network than that derived from the 1:24,000‐scale National Hydrography Dataset, which is commonly used for planning and regulatory purposes.     

鄱阳湖蝶形湖泊水体氮磷等的变化及污染初步评价

分别于2014年夏季7月和冬季12月对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的9个湖泊进行了采样,并对湖泊水质基础性指标TN、TP、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、溶解性磷酸盐、TOC、COD_(Mn)和叶绿素a进行了测定与分析。据此同时运用单因素评价法、均值型指数综合评价法和营养状态指数法对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的地表水水环境的污染现状和污染程度进行了评价,以更全面和准确地反映鄱阳湖蝶形水域的水质状况。结果显示:(1)鄱阳湖蝶形水域水质总体符合GB3838-2002III类水标准;(2)7月水质总体优于12月水质。12月总氮含量和总磷含量基本都高于7月,叶绿素a含量除中湖池12月值略低于7月外,其它点位12月值均高于7月。7月总氮值为0.6~1.3 mg/L,总磷值为0.02~0.15 mg/L,叶绿素a为2.2~6.7 mg/L;12月总氮值为0.6~2.0 mg/L,总磷值为0.04~0.19 mg/L,叶绿素a为3.8~34.7 mg/L;(3)7月和12月水质营养状态介于中营养和轻度富营养,水体主要污染物质为总氮和总磷。7月蚌湖营养状态为轻度富营养,其它点位为中营养,12月除常湖、梅溪湖和大汊湖营养状态为中营养,其它点位均为轻度富营养;(4)位于南部的象湖、常湖、白沙湖和大汊湖水质整体较其它蝶形湖泊差,主要是受到工业废水、生活污水和农业面源污染的赣江和饶河的污染输入影响所致。基于以上调查测试结果提出保护和改善鄱阳湖水环境的可行性措施,以促进鄱阳湖蝶形水域水资源的开发利用,实现经济与环境及资源的协调可持续发展。     

Dissolved nutrient dynamics along the southwest coastal waters of India during northeast monsoon: a case study

Dissolved nutrients, Chl-a and primary productivity were measured from seven transects along the coastal waters of the southeastern Arabian Sea during northeast monsoon. Ten major estuaries were chosen to study the influence of estuarine discharge on the nutrient dynamics in the coastal waters. The mean water discharge of the estuaries in the north (64.8?±?18?×?10⁵?m³?d^?1) was found to be higher than those in the south (30.6?±?21.4?×?10⁵?m³?d^?1), whereas the nutrient concentrations were found to be higher in the estuaries of the south. The results from the offshore waters were discussed in accordance with the depth contour classification, that is, shelf (depth?≤?30?m) and slope waters (depth?≥?30?m). Our results suggest that the estuarine discharge plays a major role in the nutrient distribution in near shore shelf waters, whereas in shelf and slope waters, it was mainly controlled by in situ biological processes. The inorganic form of N to P ratios were found to be higher than Redfield ratio in slope waters when compared with shelf waters, suggesting that PO₄^3? (<0.15?µmol?L^?1) is a limiting nutrient for primary production. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the nutrient dynamics in the coastal waters was controlled by both biological and physical processes.     

Radioactivity, Physical and Chemical Parameters of Underground and Surface Waters in Qua Iboe River Estuary, Nigeria

Radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters of underground boreholes and surface waters in the region of Qua Iboe River Estuary involved in oil production activities were measured. The physical and chemical parameters measured included pH, temperature, turbidity, and concentrations of total dissolved and suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, oils and grease, salinity, hardness (carbonates and bicarbonates), chlorine, sulphide, and metal ions. The work reveals that the radioactivity, physical and chemical parameters determined for both the underground and surface waters are safely below the international permissible limits except that of carbonate (68.6 mg/d – 228.7 mg/l) and bicarbonate (22.9 mg/l – 76.3mg/l) which renders both sources of water hard. The exceedingly high concentration range of hydrogen sulphide (40 mg/l–440 mg/l) in both sources is also beyond the international limit of 0.05mg/l. The ammonium ion concentration (1.40–2.80mg/l) was determined to be slightly higher in both the underground and surface waters than the international limit of 0.5mg/l.