豫北典型农田作物中重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

农产品污染引发的食品安全问题目前已经成为全社会关注的焦点,为了研究和评价农作物中重金属污染和健康风险状况,采集了焦作市武陟县玉米、水稻和花生三种大田作物样品,共计47个样品,其中玉米样品16个,花生样品4个,水稻样品27个。在测定作物籽粒中重金属Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb含量的基础上,分别采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数法评价了作物籽粒中重金属的污染状况,并运用危险商（HQ）法评价了这些作物中的重金属对人体健康可能造成的风险,进而应用相关分析法、聚类分析法及主成分分析法,探讨了作物籽粒中重金属含量的分布特征及其污染来源。结果表明：武陟县农田作物籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.26±0.42、0.31±0.29、0.04±0.03、0.01±0.04和0.03±0.03 mg·kg^-1。其中,玉米籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为8.86×10^-2±0.21、9.41×10^-2±0.12、8.10×10^-3±5.29×10^-3、1.20×10^-5±4.92×10^-5和0.04±0.02 mg·kg^-1;水稻籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.38±0.49、0.44±0.31、0.07±0.02、4.60×10^-3±7.42×10^-3和0.03±0.03 mg·kg^-1;花生籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.13±0.22、0.32±0.16、0.02±3.05×10^-3、0.11±0.07和1.32×10^-2±1.70×10^-2 mg·kg^-1。农作物籽粒中各重金属元素的单因子污染指数评价结果显示,从总体上看,3种农作物籽粒中5种重金属的单因子污染指数均值均小于1,单因子污染指数均值大小顺序为：Ni＞As＞Cr＞Pb＞Cd;从作物类型来看,玉米和水稻中Ni超标的样品比率分别为6.67%和51.85%,水稻中Cr超标的样品比率为12%。农作物籽粒中各重金属元素的综合污染指数评价结果显示,重金属的平均综合污染指数为0.59,整体上处于安全等级。总体来看,14.89%的农作物受到不同程度的污染,其中轻度污染的农?     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

太原市土壤六六六和滴滴涕的暴露格局及健康风险

为研究六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)在太原市不同功能区土壤中的暴露格局、来源以及对周围人群的健康风险,在太原市化工区、灌区、矿区、生态区周边荒地土壤中进行采样,分析测定了土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量,根据太原市人群实际情况的暴露参数和USEPA的部分参数,对土壤HCHs和DDTs的健康风险进行评价。结果表明:1)太原市表层土壤中HCHs的平均含量大小依次为化工区>灌区>矿区>生态区;DDTs平均含量的大小依次为化工区>灌区>矿区>生态区,仅6%的HCHs和3%的DDTs和的平均残留水平均高于我国土壤质量标准一级标准,但均不超过二级标准值;2)土壤中HCHs残留主要源于历史上林丹的使用,DDTs残留则来源于历史和新污染源的共同影响;3)太原市表层土壤HCHs和DDTs致癌风险大小为化工园区>矿区>灌区>生态区。非致癌风险大小为化工区>矿区>灌区>生态区。3种暴露途径的在不同功能区的健康风险贡献率大小均为经口摄入>呼吸吸入>皮肤接触;综合来看太原市表层土壤中的HCHs和DDTs并未对人类造成非致癌风险,但有一定的致癌风险。本文的研究结果可为太原市土壤质量评价和环境污染防治提供科学指导,并对太原市人群的健康风险防治提供依据。     

Changes in bird‐migration patterns associated with human‐induced mortality

Many bird populations have recently changed their migratory behavior in response to alterations of the environment. We collected data over 16 years on male Great Bustards (Otis tarda), a species showing a partial migratory pattern (sedentary and migratory birds coexisting in the same breeding groups). We conducted population counts and radio tracked 180 individuals to examine differences in survival rates between migratory and sedentary individuals and evaluate possible effects of these differences on the migratory pattern of the population. Overall, 65% of individuals migrated and 35% did not. The average distance between breeding and postbreeding areas of migrant individuals was 89.9 km, and the longest average movement of sedentary males was 3.8 km. Breeding group and migration distance had no effect on survival. However, mortality of migrants was 2.4 to 3.5 times higher than mortality of sedentary birds. For marked males, collision with power lines was the main cause of death from unnatural causes (37.6% of all deaths), and migratory birds died in collisions with power lines more frequently than sedentary birds (21.3% vs 6.3%). The percentage of sedentary individuals increased from 17% in 1997 to 45% in 2012. These results were consistent with data collected from radio‐tracked individuals: The proportion of migratory individuals decreased from 86% in 1997–1999 to 44% in 2006–2010. The observed decrease in the migratory tendency was not related to climatic changes (temperatures did not change over the study period) or improvements in habitat quality (dry cereal farmland area decreased in the main study area). Our findings suggest that human‐induced mortality during migration may be an important factor shaping the migration patterns of species inhabiting humanized landscapes.     

宁波市地表水重金属污染现状和健康风险评价

为评价中国华东沿海城市地表水重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险,以宁波为例,在城区地表水中采集了255个水样,检测了6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量水平,计算了重金属的健康风险指数和致癌风险指数.结果表明,宁波市地表水中重金属平均浓度的大小顺序为:ZnPbCrNiCdCu;有3种重金属超过国标GB 3838-2002中的Ⅴ类限值,且严重顺序为CdPbCr,电镀废水、金属加工废弃物、交通污染物、染料和涂料废物是主要污染源.70%以上的地表水存在健康风险,镇海区和海曙区风险最高,3种潜在风险最大的重金属及顺序为:CdCrPb.地表水对成年人和未成年人的致癌风险指数平均值分别达到临界值的17 600倍和24 800倍,且95%以上因Cr引起,人口密集的商业区致癌风险指数接近全市平均水平的2倍.宁波市地表水重金属污染严重,相关部门应当足够重视.     

天津市春季道路降尘PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为研究天津市春季道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险,于2015年3月22日-5月23日用降尘缸采集天津市主干道、次干道、支路、快速路道路两侧道路降尘样品,利用再悬浮系统将道路降尘中PM_2.5悬浮至滤膜上,并用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）测定了PM_2.5中7种重金属（Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn）的质量分数.结果表明:道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、Pb、Cd、As、Mn、Cu和Zn质量分数平均值分别为37.05、82.50、1.73、25.65、380.18、201.08和736.43 mg/kg;I_geo（地累积指数）显示,Cd属于强污染,Zn和Cu属于中到强污染,Pb属于中度污染,As属于轻度污染,Ni和Mn属于无污染;健康风险评价显示,手-口摄入是道路降尘PM_2.5中重金属进入人体的主要途径,儿童的暴露剂量和非致癌风险均高于成人,总非致癌风险次序为As > Pb > Mn > Cu > Zn > Cd > Ni,其中儿童手-口途径As的暴露风险商（HQ_ing）及非致癌总风险（HI）均为1.23,大于限值（1）,对儿童存在非致癌风险;其他重金属非致癌总风险均低于限值,对人体无非致癌风险;道路降尘PM_2.5中Ni、As和Cd通过呼吸途径对人体均无致癌风险.      

兰州主城区大气颗粒物质量浓度及健康风险

分别在2013年春季3月23日~3月29日和冬季12月15日~12月21日对兰州市主城区5个采样点进行采样,每天每个采样点采集8个样品,共采集有效样品560个.通过实验室分析和重金属健康风险评价,结果显示：兰州市主城区≤ 10μm颗粒物中,主要分布在5.8~10.0μm （春、冬季）、1.1~3.3μm （春季）和0.65~3.3μm （冬季）范围内,Pb在PM_3.3~4.7（一级支气管）中的质量浓度最大,分别为0.2352ug/m³（春季）和0.2177ug/m³（冬季）,Cd作为一种致癌重金属在PM_9.0~5.8、PM_4.7~1.1均被检出.儿童、成年男性、成年女性的非致癌风险值HZ在春季和冬季分别为0.842、0.360、0.345和0.842、0.326、0.361,低于1不存在非致癌的风险,致癌风险值RIS在10^-6~10^-4的范围内,不存在致癌风险,但儿童RIS值较高,对儿童的健康状况的影响,应受到社会群体的重视.     

南充市城市生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一个综合性、复杂性的大系统,涉及到城市自然环境、社会经济、人群健康状况、资源状况、环境状况和城市基础设施等各个方面,健康的城市生态系统是人类所向往的目标.从生态系统健康的内涵出发,依据城市生态系统的特殊性,建立了城市生态系统健康评价指标体系;运用AHP法确定了城市生态系统健康评价各指标要素之间的权重;采用模糊数学法的原理建立城市生态系统健康评价模型.将该模型方法应用于南充市城市生态系统健康评价,通过评价得出:南充城市生态系统健康状况为"亚健康"状态,其隶属度为0.329.     

武汉市浅水湖泊生态系统健康评价

采用指标体系法对武汉市14个浅水湖泊生态系统健康状态进行综合评价,评价指标包括系统外的压力指标和系统内的响应指标,综合反映了湖泊生态系统的活力、组织力和恢复力;同时用湖泊综合健康指标来反映不同湖泊的健康状况。研究表明该评价方法不仅能反映不同湖泊的不同健康状况,并能较准确地反映出影响湖泊健康的主要因素,对进一步进行多个湖泊生态系统健康评价指标阈值及评价方法研究具有重要的参考意义,为武汉市湖泊生态系统地管理及修复提供重要依据。     

The interaction between physical and social-psychological factors in indoor environmental health

Indoor environmental health is now recognized as an important factor in preventing respiratory health problems in the United States. It is also a concern in Canada due to the amount of time that Canadians spend indoors because of cold weather and the potential for increased time indoors during the summer if theclimate warms. The negative health effects are often labeled assick building syndrome, but diagnosing a building or itsoccupants as sick is complicated by the variety of symptoms, thepresence of chronic versus acute symptoms and social andpsychological (socio-psychological) factors that may reduce theeffectiveness of an engineering solution. As a case study, thecontribution of various factors to indoor environmental health,in three buildings at the University of Toronto, was examinedusing five different methods. The results indicate that theinhabitants of the buildings consider features other than airquality in considering building health such as design,maintenance, funding cuts and socio-psychological factors.