The Social Costs of Climate Change: The IPCC Second Assessment Report and Beyond

Climate change is expected to have far-reaching impacts. Earlier studies have estimated an aggregated monetised damage equivalent to 1.5 to 2.0 % of World GDP (for 2 × CO₂). According to these estimates, the OECD would face losses equivalent to 1.0 to 1.5 % of GDP, and developing countries 2.0 to 9.0 %. While these figures are preliminary and highly uncertain, recent findings have not, as yet, changed the general picture. As is shown in this paper, estimates that are fully corrected for differences in purchasing power parity do not significantly differ from the initial figures. Newer studies increasingly emphasise adaptation, variability, extreme events, other (non-climate change) stress factors, and the need for integrated assessment of damages. Incorporating these factors has lead to increased differences in estimated impacts between different regions and sectors. Estimates of market impacts in developed countries tended to fall, while non-market impacts have become more important. Marginal damages are more interesting from a policy point of view. Earlier estimates range from about $5 to $125 per tonne of carbon, with most estimates at the lower end of this range. These figures are based on power functions in the level of climate change. The rate of change may be equally important, as are the speed of adaptation, restoration and value adjustment. Furthermore, future vulnerability to climate change will differ from current vulnerability: market impacts could fall (relatively) with economic growth while non-market impacts may rise. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

浅谈环境噪声的危害与控制

通过了解噪声的来源；具体分析了噪声对人体的危害，不同的噪声，级别不同，对人体的健康影响程度也不同，尤其是长期接触噪声的工作人员。如何有效地防治噪声，从噪声源、传播途径及个人防护方面进行了具体的分析。     

环境噪声污染对人体健康的影响

环境噪声污染污染对人体健康危害十分严重，除影响听力外，还可能引发神经，心血管，消化，内分泌及免疫系统疾病，且对视力，优生优育均有不同程度影响。加强环境噪声污染的防治，对于保障人民健康有重要意义。     

空气污染与人类健康

污染物质排入大气层后，对大气环境产生了污染，造成气候的改变，对人类的健康产生了影响。本文对人体吸入污染物质后所发生的反应过程及危害机理进行了讨论。     

工业企业的水环境健康风险管理

近年来,随着工业企业重大水环境污染事故不断发生,建立一种水环境健康风险管理机制显得尤为重要.本文首先从概念上对工业企业的水环境健康风险管理进行了探讨,指出它是一种具体化的水环境管理模式,然后重点分析了建立水环境健康风险管理体系的步骤,最后采用此种管理体系对某焦化厂的水环境健康风险进行了实例分析,提出了水环境健康风险管理的预案.     

环境成本计划和控制的生命周期全成本法

在对国内外环境会计文献进行研究的基础上,对全成本法与生命周期分析、外部环境成本的内部化以及未来环境成本的处理等问题进行了理论探讨;对产品生命周期的不同阶段应采取的环境成本计划与控制的手段进行了分析;对全成本法在企业中的实施进行了可行性论证,认为全成本法是环境成本计划与控制的有效方法。     

浑太河河流生态系统完整性评价体系的构建

河流健康评价是进行河流管理的重要工具.为了对浑太河进行全面准确的健康评价，基于65个采样点共45个候选指标构建具有生物完整性、物理完整性及化学完整性在内的河流IEI（index of ecological integrity，生态系统完整性）评价体系.根据栖息地综合质量评估和水质等级确定参考样点和受损样点，通过筛选候选指标获得构建IEI评价体系的核心指标并进行标准化处理，按照层次分析法将三部分指标分别赋予不同的权重，运用比值法及分位数法算出各采样点的得分，最终得出浑太河的健康评价结果.为验证IEI评价体系的优势及结果的可靠性，将IEI、SFA（single factor assessment，单因子评价）、F-IBI（fish index of biological intergrity，鱼类生物完整性）3种评价结果进行对比分析.结果表明:①雅罗鱼亚科百分比、鲤亚科百分比、杂食性鱼类百分比、护卵行为鱼类百分比、流速、底质含沙量比例、草地面积、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD_Mn）、电导率及ρ（SS）可作为构建IEI评价体系的12个核心指标.②IEI评价结果显示，"健康"样点占24.62%，"较好"样点占9.20%，"一般"样点占6.15%，"较差"样点占60.03%.浑太河水生态健康状况整体较差，中上游地区的水生态健康状况优于下游地区，太子河的水生态健康状况优于浑河.③IEI、F-IBI、SFA评价结果在一般以下样点分别占66.18%、67.70%、63.08%，3种评价结果在全河流范围内大体一致，但在点源污染的采样点，IEI评价结果更贴近采样点的实际情况，更为客观.研究显示，构建的IEI评价体系适用于浑太河的健康评价.      

中国核电工业环境危害评价

利用所编排的健康危害评价计算程序包，在计入核电生产过程中燃料循环各环节中的辐射危害及工伤事故的伤亡后，计算给出目前中国核电工业的总健康危害约为３．０人．（ＧＷ．ａ）＾－１。由此说明，中国的核电工业是安全和清洁的工业。     

Parents’ work injuries and children’s mental health: The moderating role of children’s work centrality

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between parents’ work-related injuries and their children’s mental health, and whether children’s work centrality – the extent to which a child believes work will play an important part in their life – exacerbates or buffers this relationship. Method: We argue that high work centrality can exacerbate the relationship between parental work injuries and children’s mental health, with parental work injuries acting as identity-threatening stressors; in contrast, high work centrality may buffer this relationship, with parental work injuries acting as identity-confirming stressors. We test this relationship with a sample of Canadian children (N = 4,884, 46.2% female, M age = 13.67 years). Results:Children whose parents had experienced more frequent lost-time work-related injuries reported worse mental health with high work centrality buffering this negative relationship. Conclusions: Our study highlights the vicarious effects of work injuries on salient others, specifically parental work injuries on children’s mental health, as well as the role of work centrality in shaping children’s sense-making and expectations about the consequences of work.