A national ozone biomonitoring program--results from field surveys of ozone sensitive plants in northeastern forests (1994-2000)

Ozone biomonitoring is a detection and monitoring techniquethat involves documenting ozone-induced visible injury toknown ozone-sensitive species under conditions of ambientexposure. The USDA Forest Service administers a long-term,nationwide ozone biomonitoring program to address public andscientific concerns about ozone impacts on forest health. Asystematic grid is used as the basis for biomonitoring sitelocations. At each site, trained field crews evaluate amaximum of thirty plants of up to six species and record the amount and severity of leaf-injury on individualplants. Injury from ozone was found more often on biomonitoring sites in the eastern Unites States than in theinterior or west-coast areas. Further results from thenortheast reveal that in any year, there is a higherpercentage of ozone-injured plants with more severe symptomsin areas with relatively high ozone concentrations than inareas with relatively low ozone. In very dry years (e.g.,1999) the percentage of injured plants and injury severityestimates are both sharply reduced even though ambient ozoneexposures are high. These findings demonstrate thatbiomonitoring data provide meaningful evidence of when highozone concentrations during the growing season have biologicalsignificance. Any assessment of ozone stress in the forestenvironment must include both biomonitoring (i.e., plantresponse) and air quality data to be complete.     

Use and abuse revisited: Response to Pluhar and Varner

In her recent Counter-Reply to my views, Evelyn Pluhar defends her use of literature on nutrition and restates her argument for moral vegetarianism. In his Vegan Ideal article, Gary Varner claims that the nutrition literature does not show sufficient differences among women, men, and children to warrant concern about discrimination. In this response I show how Professor Pluhar continues to draw fallacious inferences: she begs the question on equality, avoids the main issue in my ethical arguments, argues from irrelevancies, misquotes her sources, equivocates on context, confuses safety with morality, appeals to fear, confuses correlation with cause, fails to evaluate scientific studies, draws hasty conclusions from insufficient data, ignores a large amount of data which would call her views into question, does not follow good scientific or moral argumentation, objectionably exceeds the limits of her expertise, and resorts to scapegoating. I also argue that Professor Varner fails to make his case because he offers virtually no evidence from scientific studies on nutrition, relies on outdated and fallacious sources, makes unsupported claims, ignores evidence that would contravene his claims, draws hasty conclusions based on weakly supported hypotheses rather than facts, employs a double standard, appeals to ignorance, does not evaluate arguments from his sources, and makes anad hominem attack on a respected nutritionist when his focus should be on evaluating the evidence and arguments from the scientific studies themselves. Neither Varner nor Pluhar have responded sufficiently to the real issue in my arguments, that of discrimination and bias in the vegan ideal.     

生态系统健康评价的研究进展

回顾了生态系统健康的概念,阐述了水生态系统健康评价的三种指标体系:指示物种指标体系、结构功能指标体系、V-O-R指标体系.其中,结构功能指标体系从选取指标和指标分类两方面进行了方法归纳,分析了生态系统健康的几种评价方法,以及讨论了生态系统健康研究中存在的问题和发展趋势.     

自然环境中的元素对人体健康的作用

自然环境的优劣，会直接影响人体的健康。在良好的环境中，人们所依赖的物质是不受污染的，自然环境的物质中所含微量元素和微量元素对维持人类生命、保护人体健康起到了一定的基础作用。     

室内空气污染对人体健康影响与防护对策

介绍了室内空气污染的定义、室内空气中常见的污染物及其主要来源,分析了室内空气中主要污染物对人体健康的影响, 提出了保护室内环境的对策.     

高层建筑震害研究

简要介绍了1985年墨西哥格雷罗7.3级地震和1996年丽江7.0级地震高层建筑震害特征.采用钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋震害预测方法对2000年姚安6.5级地震区的典型高层建筑进行了计算,将计算结果与实际震害进行了对比,分析了震害原因.     

多层砖房震害预测方法评述

多层砖房震害预测是城市防震减灾的基础工作之一.经过几十年的探索和研究,已经形成了多种预测其震害的方法,其中常用的主要方法有易损性概率分析法即半经验半理论法、强度判别法、延性系数判别法、模糊类比法、人工神经网络法和结构理论计算法等.着重对部分方法进行了总结评述,并进一步探讨了它们的特点与适用性.     

Training Community Health Workers in refugee camps: A case study from Pakistan

In October 1983 a training programme for refugee community health workers was begun as the major part of a primary health care programme for Afghan refugees in Pakistan. The programme began with a pilot period in Badaber camp, situated near to Peshawar. The general issues involved in training auxiliary health personnel were answered by the use of a "knowledge, attitudes and practices survey" and involvement of the refugees from the beginning of the programme. The development of the training programme is discussed with reference to these issues and the constraints arising from the special circumstances of the refugees, in addition to those common to most national training programmes, are reviewed.     

中国石油集团公司HSE管理体系运行模式的研究

从1991年国际石油工程协会把健康安全与环境(简称HSE)作为一个完整概念提出以来,各国石油公司都进行了积极探索与实践,并逐步发展成国际石油届开展合作业务的基本运行规则.中国石油天然气集团公司结合企业生产实际和传统管理方法,在HSE管理体系探索、实践中,发展了一整套既符合中国石油企业管理实际的情况,又满足与国际接轨要求的HSE运行模式,对企业实施HSE管理体系有很好指导意义.     

材料和结构的损伤与安全性

本文介绍了材料和结构损伤与安全性的研究进展.首先从损伤所造成危害的严重性来说明研究材料和结构损伤的重要性,介绍目前材料和构件损伤问题研究所遇到的现状.进一步对材料和结构损伤做了归纳,并介绍了几种典型损伤的研究方法,以及损伤程度对结构安全性的影响.最后指出了材料和结构损伤及安全性研究发展趋势.