Quality design: a planning methodology for the integration of refugee and local health services,West Nile,Uganda

In an emergency, the international community responds to the immediate health needs of refugees through the establishment of action-oriented, life-saving services. Healthcare delivery is often managed with limited, if any, coordination with local health management structures. In situations where refugees remain in the host country for many years, sustainability issues inevitably arise. Refugee-hosting governments may ultimately be called upon to assume the management and funding of refugee services. Planning for service integration, while protecting against declines in service quality, is a challenge in the typically resource-poor host environments. This paper discusses these issues by presenting the experience of the West Nile districts in northern Uganda, and describes quality design as a relevant planning methodology. Quality design is a systematic planning approach that documents and directly incorporates the service users' self-defined expectations and needs.     

In-situ Treatment of Oiled Sediment Shorelines

Experimental oil spill studies were conducted to quantify the effectiveness of selected in-situ shoreline treatment options to accelerate natural oil removal processes on mixed-sediment (sand and pebble) shorelines. At each of three distinct shoreline sites, treatment test plots and control plots were established within a 40-, 80- and 143-m continuous stretch of oiled shoreline. A total of 5500 l of oil was deposited along a 3-m wide swath in the upper intertidal zone at each site. Approximately one week after oiling, a different treatment technique was applied to each plot. The treatment techniques were: sediment relocation (surf washing), mixing (tilling), bioremediation (fertilizer application), and bioremediation combined with mixing. One plot at each site was monitored for natural attenuation. The quantity of oil removed from the plots was measured six times up to 60 days post-treatment and then again one year later. Changes in the physical character of the beach, oil penetration, movement of oil to the subtidal environment, toxicity, and biodegradation were monitored over the 400-day period.The results verified quantitatively that relocation of oiled sediments significantly accelerated the rate of oil removal from the shoreline by more than one year. Microscopic observations and image analyses confirmed that the oil-mineral aggregate formation process was active and was increased by sediment relocation. Oil biodegradation occurred in this arctic environment, both in the oiled sediments and on the fine mineral particles removed from the sediment by natural physical processes. The biodegradation of oil in sediment was significantly stimulated by simple bioremediation protocols. Mixing (by tilling) did not clearly stimulate oil loss and natural recovery in the context of this experimental design. None of the treatment techniques elevated toxicity in the nearshore environment to unacceptable levels, nor did they result in consequential alongshore or nearshore oiling.     

硒化kappa-卡拉胶对烟民生理损伤的修复作用

本实验选择19例年龄在39—59之间,烟史为15—30a,每日吸烟量为6—20支的男性为对象,连续服用硒化kappa-卡拉胶(100ug硒/d)三个月后,对几项指标的测定结果表明:微核、双链DNA及血硒水平均有明显差异,服硒前,19例烟民中微核淋巴细胞出现率为73.7％,淋巴细胞微核出现率为1.26±1.04‰,服硒后,微核淋巴细胞出现率为42.1％,淋巴细胞微核出现率为0.52±0.70‰,P<0.01;服硒前,双链DNA的含量为7.76±2.59％,服硒后增至10.5±2.19％,P<0.01;血硒水平变化更为明显,由服硒前的76.4±15.1ppb增至服硒后的148.3±44.1ppb,P<0.01.全部病例无任何毒、副反应。实验结果初步表明:硒化kappa-卡拉胶对烟民的生理损伤具有一定的修复作用。     

Stressful but rewarding: Norwegian personnel mobilised for the 2004 tsunami disaster

Adequate responses to disasters and emergency situations rely, among other factors, on coping abilities in disaster workers and emergency personnel. In this study, different aspects of disaster-related stressors and training/experience were investigated in Norwegian personnel (n = 581) mobilised for the 2004 tsunami disaster. The level of stress reactions, measured nine to ten months after the tsunami, was relatively low in this sample, indicating that the personnel coped well with the challenges of the disaster. The level of intrusive memories was higher in disaster-area personnel (n = 335) than in home-base personnel (n = 246). Stress reactions were significantly associated with witnessing experiences (disaster-area group) and with having to reject victims in need of help (both groups). Specific preparation for the mission was associated with a lower level of stress reactions in disaster-area personnel. Such factors may be considered in training and preparation programmes for disaster workers.     

火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌分析与设计方法探讨

给出了火灾下工程结构连续性倒塌的定义,分析了工程结构在火灾作用下的特点,并给出了火灾连续性倒塌判断流程。在介绍目前常用的工程结构抗连续性倒塌分析设计方法的基础上,提出了采用替代路径法中的非线性静力分析方法对建筑结构进行火灾作用下抗连续性倒塌设计的思路。     

突发公共卫生事件下多阶段应急救援物资配置研究

为提高突发公共卫生事件背景下应急救援物资分配效率,减少人员伤亡与经济损失,以应急物资需求未满足所导致的损失最小及物资分配总距离最短为目标,研究重大公共卫生事件爆发后不同阶段下应急物资分配问题.构建优化模型,并通过某城市中13个物资需求点的应急物资分配案例验证模型的科学性与合理性.结果表明:本文方法能有效解决动态需求下应...     

职业安全健康管理体系概述

对一种新型的安全管理体系即职业健康管理体系,从其基本原理直至其应用的作用和意义等进行了较为详实的论述。从中看到了其"生存"的必然性。     

放射性建材实物标准样品的研制

有证实物标准样品"石材放射性标准样品"、"陶瓷产品的放射性标准样品"及"粉煤灰砌块的放射性标准样品"适用于γ谱仪校准和考核相近基质样品中所含放射性核素226Ra、232Th和40K含量测定的准确性,覆盖了建材产品需要检验的所有核素,达到放射平衡。样品由8家权威放射性检测机构采用低本底多道γ能谱仪测量方法进行定值测量,均匀性和稳定性良好,以对人们的安全与健康提供保护。     

Combustion products toxicity risk assessment in an offshore installation

Products of a hydrocarbon fire accident have both chronic and acute health effects. They cause respiratory issues to lung cancer. While fire is the most frequent phenomenon among the offshore accidents, predicting the contaminants’ concentration and their behavior are key issues. Safety measures design, such as ventilation and emergency routes based only on predicted contaminants’ concentration seems not to be the best approach. In a combustion process, various harmful substances are produced and their concentration cannot be added. The time duration that any individual spends in different locations of an offshore installation also varies significantly. A risk-based approach considers the duration a person is exposed to contaminants at various locations and also evaluates the hazardous impacts. A risk-based approach has also an additivity characteristic which helps to assess overall risk.Through the current study, an approach is proposed to be used for risk assessment of combustion products dispersion phenomenon in a confined or semi-confined facility. Considering CO, NO₂ and CH₄ as the contaminants of concern, the dispersion of the substances over the layout of the facility after a LNG fire is modeled. Considering different exposure times for three major parts of the facility including the processing area, office area and the accommodation module, the risk contours of CO, NO₂ and CH₄ over the entire facility are developed. The additivity characteristic of the risk-based approach was used to calculate the overall risk. The proposed approach helps to better design safety measures to minimize the impacts and effective emergency evacuation planning.     

沟塘水及其周边浅层地下水中重金属污染特征与健康风险评价

以河南省某乡4个沟塘水及其周边浅层地下水为研究对象,在丰水期采集样品,测定水中Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Ag、Cd、Hg和Pb 13种重金属元素浓度,并评价沟塘水对其周边浅层地下水水质的影响及潜在健康风险。结果表明:沟塘水中重金属总体为重度污染,其中Mn和Fe浓度超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅳ类标准限值,平均超标倍数分别为5.5倍和9.0倍;周边浅层地下水中重金属总体为轻度污染,其中Al、Mn、Fe和Ni浓度超过GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类标准限值;浅层地下水中重金属浓度随着与沟塘距离增加而降低,Al、Cr、Ni、Pb、Mn和Fe浓度与到沟塘距离呈对数负相关关系;儿童和成人通过饮水摄入浅层地下水中13种重金属元素的非致癌健康风险之和分别为0.296和0.309,均小于1(可接受水平);儿童和成人终生暴露Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Pb 5种致癌重金属元素的致癌健康风险之和分别为1.44×10^-5和7.52×10^-5,超过1.0×10^-6(较高致癌健康风险)。研究区沟塘水对其周边浅层地下水有一定的影响,儿童和成人通过饮水途径暴露浅层地下水中重金属的致癌健康风险值得关注。