Correlation and persistence of hunting and logging impacts on tropical rainforest mammals

Humans influence tropical rainforest animals directly via exploitation and indirectly via habitat disturbance. Bushmeat hunting and logging occur extensively in tropical forests and have large effects on particular species. But how they alter animal diversity across landscape scales and whether their impacts are correlated across species remain less known. We used spatially widespread measurements of mammal occurrence across Malaysian Borneo and recently developed multispecies hierarchical models to assess the species richness of medium‐ to large‐bodied terrestrial mammals while accounting for imperfect detection of all species. Hunting was associated with 31% lower species richness. Moreover, hunting remained high even where richness was very low, highlighting that hunting pressure persisted even in chronically overhunted areas. Newly logged sites had 11% lower species richness than unlogged sites, but sites logged >10 years previously had richness levels similar to those in old‐growth forest. Hunting was a more serious long‐term threat than logging for 91% of primate and ungulate species. Hunting and logging impacts across species were not correlated across taxa. Negative impacts of hunting were the greatest for common mammalian species, but commonness versus rarity was not related to species‐specific impacts of logging. Direct human impacts appeared highly persistent and lead to defaunation of certain areas. These impacts were particularly severe for species of ecological importance as seed dispersers and herbivores. Indirect impacts were also strong but appeared to attenuate more rapidly than previously thought. The lack of correlation between direct and indirect impacts across species highlights that multifaceted conservation strategies may be needed for mammal conservation in tropical rainforests, Earth's most biodiverse ecosystems. Correlación y Persistencia de los Impactos de la Caza y la Tala sobre los Mamíferos de los Bosques Tropicales     

Benefits to poorly studied taxa of conservation of bird and mammal diversity on islands

Protected area delineation and conservation action are urgently needed on marine islands, but the potential biodiversity benefits of these activities can be difficult to assess due to lack of species diversity information for lesser known taxa. We used linear mixed effects modeling and simple spatial analyses to investigate whether conservation activities based on the diversity of well‐known insular taxa (birds and mammals) are likely to also capture the diversity of lesser known taxa (reptiles, amphibians, vascular land plants, ants, land snails, butterflies, and tenebrionid beetles). We assembled total, threatened, and endemic diversity data for both well‐known and lesser known taxa and combined these with physical island biogeography characteristics for 1190 islands from 109 archipelagos. Among physical island biogeography factors, island area was the best indicator of diversity of both well‐known and little‐known taxa. Among taxonomic factors, total mammal species richness was the best indicator of total diversity of lesser known taxa, and the combination of threatened mammal and threatened bird diversity was the best indicator of lesser known endemic richness. The results of other intertaxon diversity comparisons were highly variable, however. Based on our results, we suggest that protecting islands above a certain minimum threshold area may be the most efficient use of conservation resources. For example, using our island database, if the threshold were set at 10 km² and the smallest 10% of islands greater than this threshold were protected, 119 islands would be protected. The islands would range in size from 10 to 29 km² and would include 268 lesser known species endemic to a single island, along with 11 bird and mammal species endemic to a single island. Our results suggest that for islands of equivalent size, prioritization based on total or threatened bird and mammal diversity may also capture opportunities to protect lesser known species endemic to islands. Beneficios de los Taxa Poco Estudiados para la Conservación de la Diversidad de Aves y Mamíferos en Islas     

长江山区航道剖面能见度分析及局地影响因素初探

为了分析三峡航道不同区域能见度基本特征,比较不同垂直剖面、沿江距离对局地能见度的影响,基于中国气象局沿江、剖面布设的12个能见度监测点近3 a观测资料,对比分析了三峡航道涪陵、万州、宜昌3组区域12个监测点的能见度时空分布特征,并对能见度的局地差异做了初步讨论。结果表明：涪陵区雾情对航运安全影响最大,万州和宜昌区其次。涪陵区和万州区雾日的月际变化趋势一致,5、6月和11、12月为大雾高发时期。不同剖面能见度的日变化分析表明早晨至上午时间为大雾高发时段,午后至傍晚前为大雾低发时段。通过能见度与局地因子的关系模型验证,三峡航道能见度局地差异大部分源于监测点的海拔高度及可能的水体影响等,同组区域内,高海拔点、临近水域点平均能见度明显偏低,雾情频次也相对较高     

土地利用对典型喀斯特河流溶解性有机质的直接和间接影响

土地利用可向河流直接输送陆源有机质直接影响河流溶解性有机质（DOM）丰度,也可通过增强河流营养负荷间接加强DOM的本地生产.研究基于紫外-可见光吸收光谱（UV-VIS）和三维荧光-平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）技术研究雨季（7月）芙蓉江河流DOM组分特征和空间分布,并采用相关分析和偏最小二乘路径模型（PLS-PM）辨析和量化多尺度下土地利用对DOM的直接和间接影响.结果表明,土地利用对DOM的直接影响普遍强于间接影响.不同DOM组分对水体营养状况和土地利用的响应各异,溶解性有机碳（DOC）和有色溶解性有机质（CDOM）更易受水体营养状况影响,荧光溶解性有机质（FDOM）则对土地利用更为敏感.土地利用对DOC和CDOM的直接影响强度随空间尺度略有波动,但总影响强度无明显的空间尺度差异,对FDOM的直接影响强度在河段500 m缓冲区尺度最大,且随尺度增大而降低.旱地、城镇用地、其它建设用地、斑块密度（PD）、边缘密度（ED）和香农多样性指数（SHDI）为增加河流DOM丰度的典型土地利用指标,水田、灌木林、最大斑块指数（LPI）和聚合度指数（AI）为有效减少DOM丰度的典型土地利用指标.总氮（TN）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和溶解性总磷（DTP）与土地利用和DOM密切相关,即氮、磷元素在"土地利用-河流DOM"中有着重要的"中介"作用.FDOM可作为衡量近河段土地利用直接向河流输入陆源有机质强弱的指示参数.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的煤矸山周边农用地土壤重金属健康风险评估

以重庆市煤矸山周边农用地土壤为研究对象,运用内梅罗指数、地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数分析土壤重金属污染水平,并采用蒙特卡罗模拟的健康风险模型,探析研究区土壤重金属对人体的健康风险.结果表明,研究区土壤Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量均值超重庆市土壤背景值,地累积指数（I_geo）表现为：Cd>Hg>Cu>As>Ni>Zn>Cr>Pb;内梅罗指数表明土壤以轻污染（1<P_N≤2）为主,各重金属污染指数（P_i）表现为：Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr>Zn>As>Pb>Hg;潜在生态风险指数表明土壤以中等生态风险（150≤RI<300）为主,各重金属生态风险指数（E_rⁱ）表现为：Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn.土壤健康风险表明,儿童和成人非致癌健康风险可忽略,但存在可耐受致癌健康风险,综合致癌风险指数（TCR）均值分别为1.04E-5和3.94E-6,主要致癌因子为As和Cd.敏感性分析表明非致癌健康风险土壤颗粒摄入速率（R_ingest）敏感性最高,其次是As含量,致癌健康风险土壤颗粒摄入速率As含量敏感性最高,其次是土壤颗粒摄入速率（R_ingest）.整体上儿童非致癌和致癌健康风险高于成人.     

南京毒性挥发性有机化合物夏冬季源解析及健康风险评估

本研究于2018年夏季和冬季,在南京使用吸附浓缩在线监测系统(AC-GCMS 1000)对大气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行测量,估算其所造成的健康风险并解析VOCs所造成致癌与非致癌风险的污染来源.结果表明,采样期间南京市冬季φ(总VOCs)为105.7×10-9,为夏季(34.5×10-9)的3.1倍,以烷烃为主要物种.在健康风险方面,冬季毒性VOCs所造成的非致癌风险及致癌风险值分别为9.43和1.0×10-4,是夏季非致癌(5.58)与致癌风险(2.69×10-5)的1.7和3.8倍,而丙烯醛和1,2-二氯乙烷是非致癌与致癌风险的主要物种.最后,利用PMF模型解析5个VOCs的污染来源,分别是有机涂料溶剂源、生物质燃烧源、车辆排放源、石油化工源和溶剂源2.车辆排放源是造成致癌风险的最大来源(夏季28.2％和冬季48.0％).因此,建议有针对性地控制毒性VOCs及车辆尾气的排放,以减小可能对公众健康产生的危害.     

天津供水系统中抗生素分布变化特征与健康风险评价

通过采用固相萃取富集法和液相色谱质谱联用技术对天津市供水系统中净水厂和管网中的6类10种抗生素浓度水平进行了分析,研究了抗生素在各处理工艺单元后的变化特征,以及在管网中的分布迁移规律,并进行了健康风险评价.对不同处理工艺的A、B两水厂中抗生素的检测结果显示:采用传统处理工艺的A水厂出水中抗生素的质量浓度范围为0.96~126.43 ng·L~(-1),总去除率为-46.47%~45.10%,混凝工艺对抗生素物质的去除起主要作用;具有深度处理工艺的B水厂出水中抗生素的浓度为ND~72.27 ng·L~(-1),其中罗红霉素未检出,抗生素的去除效率为40.25%~70.33%,明显优于A水厂,紫外+氯消毒工艺对抗生素的去除最为明显.给水管网中抗生素浓度分析结果表明:10种抗生素中除罗红霉素检出率为75.0%外,其余均为100.0%.抗生素浓度范围为ND~348.99 ng·L~(-1),浓度随管段的延伸而逐渐降低,其衰减符合一级反应动力学模型.基于蒙特卡洛法对饮用水中抗生素的致癌风险和非致癌风险进行了评估,结果表明均处于可接受风险水平.     

陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属元素分布特征及健康风险评价

在2016年对陆浑水库饮用水源地46个水样中12种金属元素(包括重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn和轻金属Al)进行测定,探讨了水体中金属元素的分布特征,并借助健康风险评价模型评价了水体中金属人体健康风险.结果表明,陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中Al最大浓度(200.27μg·L~(-1))和Mo所有浓度(151.42~170.69μg·L~(-1))均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)规定的标准限值,超标率依次为4.35%和100%.陆浑水库饮用水源地水体中金属浓度分布具有较明显的空间差异性,高值区域集中在库区西南部(上游)、东北部(下游).健康风险评价结果表明,儿童暴露剂量明显高于成人暴露剂量,金属元素经饮用水途径引起的健康风险均高于皮肤接触途径.金属致癌风险中,Cr和As致癌风险超过最大可接受风险水平(5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1)),超标率分别为100%和3.80%,Cr对总致癌风险的贡献率平均达到85%;非致癌性金属元素健康风险(10~(-12)~10~(-7)a~(-1))呈现出AlMoCuPbNiHgFeZnMn,比最大可接受风险水平低2~7个数量级.     

塑胶跑道中有机磷酸酯的含量及健康风险

采用超声萃取-层析净化-气相色谱/质谱联用仪定量分析塑胶跑道中7种有机磷酸酯(OPEs),方法回收率为71.41%~110.58%,标准曲线相关系数r0.99,质控良好.采集并分析了成都市12个学校内的塑胶跑道样品中OPEs的含量及分布.结果表明2/3学校内的塑胶跑道样品中检出了OPEs,其中磷酸三正丁酯[tri-n-butyl phosphate,TnBP]、磷酸三异辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate,TEHP]的检出率较高,而磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]、磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯[tridichloropropyl phosphate,TDCPP]、磷酸三苯酯[triphenyl Phosphate,TPh P]在所有样品中均未检测到.Σ7OPEs含量范围为ND~534.89 ng·g~(-1),其中单体含量最高的是TnBP(ND~462.18 ng·g~(-1)).一个样品中检出了毒性较大的氯代磷酸酯-TCPP[trichloropropyl phosphate],含量为205.94 ng·g~(-1).成人和儿童通过皮肤接触摄入的Σ7OPEs日均暴露剂量(以bw计)最高,分别为0.14 ng·(kg·d)~(-1)和0.64 ng·(kg·d)~(-1),儿童的日均暴露剂量明显高于成人.成人及儿童的风险熵值(RQ)为10~(-7)~10~(-5).建议政府对塑胶跑道中OPEs使用量及添加种类进行管控,以更好地保护人群健康.     

人工增雨（雪）的环境效应及评价方法

随着全球气候变暖,水资源短缺问题表现得日趋突出,实施人工增雨（雪）技术开发空中云水资源已引起人们的广泛关注,对人工增雨（雪）的环境效应及评价方法进行深入研究具有重要的理论意义与实践价值。从大气、土壤、水体等方面,对人工增雨（雪）所引起的环境效应进行阐述,并归纳总结了人工增雨（雪）的评价方法。包括物理学方法、天气学方法、统计分析方法和数值模拟方法等。旨在科学合理地开发空中云水资源,降低人工增雨（雪）的作业成本。