豫北典型农田作物中重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

农产品污染引发的食品安全问题目前已经成为全社会关注的焦点,为了研究和评价农作物中重金属污染和健康风险状况,采集了焦作市武陟县玉米、水稻和花生三种大田作物样品,共计47个样品,其中玉米样品16个,花生样品4个,水稻样品27个。在测定作物籽粒中重金属Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb含量的基础上,分别采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数法评价了作物籽粒中重金属的污染状况,并运用危险商（HQ）法评价了这些作物中的重金属对人体健康可能造成的风险,进而应用相关分析法、聚类分析法及主成分分析法,探讨了作物籽粒中重金属含量的分布特征及其污染来源。结果表明：武陟县农田作物籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.26±0.42、0.31±0.29、0.04±0.03、0.01±0.04和0.03±0.03 mg·kg^-1。其中,玉米籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为8.86×10^-2±0.21、9.41×10^-2±0.12、8.10×10^-3±5.29×10^-3、1.20×10^-5±4.92×10^-5和0.04±0.02 mg·kg^-1;水稻籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.38±0.49、0.44±0.31、0.07±0.02、4.60×10^-3±7.42×10^-3和0.03±0.03 mg·kg^-1;花生籽粒中的Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量分别为0.13±0.22、0.32±0.16、0.02±3.05×10^-3、0.11±0.07和1.32×10^-2±1.70×10^-2 mg·kg^-1。农作物籽粒中各重金属元素的单因子污染指数评价结果显示,从总体上看,3种农作物籽粒中5种重金属的单因子污染指数均值均小于1,单因子污染指数均值大小顺序为：Ni＞As＞Cr＞Pb＞Cd;从作物类型来看,玉米和水稻中Ni超标的样品比率分别为6.67%和51.85%,水稻中Cr超标的样品比率为12%。农作物籽粒中各重金属元素的综合污染指数评价结果显示,重金属的平均综合污染指数为0.59,整体上处于安全等级。总体来看,14.89%的农作物受到不同程度的污染,其中轻度污染的农?     

Comprehensive health condition assessment on partial sewers in a southern Chinese city based on fuzzy mathematic methods

A self-developed sewer health assessment system using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytical hierarchy process was applied to give a comprehensive health condition evaluation on part of the local sewers in a southern Chinese city based on the sewer video data collected by a sewer inspection closed circuit television （CCTV） robot. Aside from the overall condition evaluation, the structure, function, and stability status of the sewer were also analyzed using the method. A comprehensive index H was proposed to give the overall health condition of pipes with different defects, and Ht, Hs, and If were used to quantify the defects affecting the tightness, stability, and function of the pipe, respectively. Results show that 48% of the inspected pipes were in good condition （0〈H〈0.25）, and about 33% of the sewer pipes analyzed were categorized to be at severe or urgent condition levels （H 〉 0.5）, although most of the pipes were installed only within five years. Frequent sedimentation affects the function of the sewer, and deformation and joint damage affect the structure of the sewer.     

Experimental studies of crevice corrosion for buried pipeline with disbonded coatings under cathodic protection

Numerous fire and explosion accidents have occurred because of pipeline ruptures through the corrosion area. Coatings under cathodic protection (CP) have been recognized to prevent/mitigate potential pipeline corrosion. In this work, a wedge-shaped crevice assembly was developed to study the effect of cathodic protection on corrosion of 20# steel pipeline with disbanded coatings. Polarization potential, current density, solution pH value, and dissolved oxygen concentration were measured by using the simulation of crevice area with disbonded coatings. Results have demonstrated that CP cannot reach the crevice bottom which reduces the effectiveness of corrosion protection. This effectiveness depends on the crevice geometry and could be improved with the increase of crevice length and decrease of its mouth size. A potential difference always exists between the mouth area and inside crevice. The oxygen concentrations drop significantly inside crevice whether CP is applied or not. The solution pH values inside crevice increase with the time. The solution pH values are higher when the applied CP potentials are more negative. According to the experiments, the effectiveness of cathodic protection could also be improved through enhancement of the local solution alkalinity. The research provides necessary information to prevent potential pipeline ruptures due to crevice corrosion and therefore mitigate potential losses for oil and gas transportation in the process industries.     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生物多样性保护研究

生物多样性具有多重价值,如生态价值、社会价值和经济价值。卡拉麦里山自然保护区生物多样性不但关系到当地经济发展和人民生存安全,而且关系到整个保护区、整个新疆的可持续发展。本文分析了卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生物多样性特点及生物多样性遭受严重破坏的原因,提出了保护该区生物多样性的对策措施：①加强卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区生物多样性的调查研究工作。②加强保护区的建设。③加大立法与执法制度。④加强生物多样性保护的宣传教育。⑤加强生物多样性保护的公众参与。⑥加强当地居民的基本生产、生活条件建设。⑦在保护区推行生态旅游。     

人工纳米材料生物效应研究进展

人工纳米材料(MNMs)由于其所具有的独特性质能满足当前工业发展的多样化需求,近年来获得迅速的发展.目前,越来越多的MNMs已被投放市场,给人们生活带来巨大的变化和进步.但是有关MNMs是否对环境和健康产生不利影响的问题,同样引起了人们广泛的关注.通过总结近年来的相关研究资料,一方面探讨了生物对MNMs的暴露途径;另一方面,从MNMs对动物细胞、肺组织和脑组织的毒性效应,MNMs在生物体内的转移、积累以及皮肤对MNMs的吸收等角度,对MNMs的生物效应进行综述.同时,发现MNMs本身独特的物理化学性质和MNMs的表面修饰是影响MNMs生物效应的重要因素.此外,借鉴超细颗粒的研究结果探讨了MNMs生物效应可能的作用机制.最后展望了纳米毒理学的发展.     

爆炸危险环境防雷安全措施探讨

针对当前爆炸危险环境建筑物的防雷措施存在的漏洞,探讨了合理可行的安全措施和解决对策.     

氯气泄漏后毒害区的估算及泄漏的处置

运用毒害区计算方法对本部贮存的氯气泄漏后扩散的半径进行估算,同时以扩散的半径作参考,提出氯气泄漏的处置方法.     

沈阳市环境铅污染对儿童健康的影响

实地调查采样、结合GIS技术进行室内综合分析,系统研究了沈阳市大气、土壤、灰尘中铅污染对儿童健康的影响.结果表明,沈阳市环境中铅暴露普遍,铅污染较严重,铅浓度空间分异大,已形成4个高浓度中心.并且大气铅浓度有明显的日、季和年变化规律沈阳市环境铅污染已经影响了儿童健康,0～10岁儿童(ZPP＞2.3μmol/L)血铅范围是10.98～511.2μg/L,平均值是135.59μg/L,40%的儿童血铅水平超标.儿童血铅与大气铅相关性最大,其次是土壤和灰尘.实行无铅汽油之后,大气铅污染有了很大改善,但是土壤和灰尘中的铅容易以扬尘的方式再次进入大气,存在潜在风险,应引起有关部门足够的重视.     

2002~2009年兰州PM10人体健康经济损失评估

参考近年来公开发表的国内外流行病学文献,筛选出PM10的健康效应终点和适合于兰州地区的暴露-反应关系系数,对2002~2009年兰州地区PM10人体健康经济损失进行了计算.结果表明2002年以来兰州地区PM10人体健康经济损失并未明显升高,而是逐年波动;年损失值均在10亿元以上,其中2009年最高为16.6亿元; PM10人体健康经济损失与GDP的比值呈明显下降的趋势.