全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8568篇 |
免费 | 1062篇 |
国内免费 | 1783篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 1828篇 |
废物处理 | 170篇 |
环保管理 | 1239篇 |
综合类 | 4765篇 |
基础理论 | 1289篇 |
污染及防治 | 572篇 |
评价与监测 | 365篇 |
社会与环境 | 727篇 |
灾害及防治 | 458篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 67篇 |
2023年 | 206篇 |
2022年 | 367篇 |
2021年 | 416篇 |
2020年 | 421篇 |
2019年 | 335篇 |
2018年 | 309篇 |
2017年 | 433篇 |
2016年 | 455篇 |
2015年 | 455篇 |
2014年 | 393篇 |
2013年 | 506篇 |
2012年 | 684篇 |
2011年 | 764篇 |
2010年 | 576篇 |
2009年 | 627篇 |
2008年 | 430篇 |
2007年 | 533篇 |
2006年 | 534篇 |
2005年 | 383篇 |
2004年 | 302篇 |
2003年 | 285篇 |
2002年 | 289篇 |
2001年 | 216篇 |
2000年 | 210篇 |
1999年 | 172篇 |
1998年 | 162篇 |
1997年 | 141篇 |
1996年 | 116篇 |
1995年 | 116篇 |
1994年 | 90篇 |
1993年 | 76篇 |
1992年 | 67篇 |
1991年 | 38篇 |
1990年 | 27篇 |
1989年 | 30篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 24篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 16篇 |
1978年 | 9篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1972年 | 5篇 |
1971年 | 10篇 |
1970年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
971.
构建旅游环境承载力评价体系,运用耦合度指数和结构方程模型揭示山东半岛蓝色经济区旅游环境承载系统的耦合演化规律和动态关联特征.研究表明,半岛蓝色经济区7市各子系统的承载指数均呈增长态势,各承载子系统之间存在耦合作用,协调发展水平均稳步上升,生态承载子系统对经济承载子系统产生正影响,社会承载子系统可通过生态承载子系统对经济承载子系统产生正向影响力. 相似文献
972.
973.
974.
Mihailovic D.T. Kapor D. Hogrefe C. Lazic J. Tosic T. 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2004,4(1):57-77
In grid-based environmental models, the underlying surface consists of patches of solid and liquid parts and different plant communities, creating a very heterogeneous picture in the grid cell. In these cases, numerical modelers usually use a simple arithmetic average to determine the grid-cell albedo, a key variable in the parameterization of the land-surface radiative transfer over the grid cell. The object of this paper is to consider the assumptions for aggregating the albedo over a very heterogeneous surface where various surfaces occur at different heights, and, then propose a method for deriving a general expression for it. The suggested expression for the albedo is compared with the conventional approach, for the two-patches grid-cell with a simple geometrical distribution and different heights of its components. A numerical test is performed to compare the two approaches by numerical simulation of the evolution of the surface temperature over the particular grid-cell. Specifically, a one-dimensional land-surface model was applied to an isolated rocky grid-cell with a hole in the center; the model was forced with meteorological observations taken on July 17, 1999 in Philadelphia, PA. 相似文献
975.
Degraded air quality severely affects the health of citizens worldwide. The design of effective policies requires exploring public preferences for environmental and air quality policy instruments. Within the EC-FP7 SEFIRA project, using a choice experiment that stresses the trade-offs between attributes, this study investigates public preferences for environmental policy drivers in Italy. The main objective is to investigate the role played by selected policy drivers in determining policy preferences, complemented by elasticity and willingness to pay estimations. Preference heterogeneity and the role of socio-economic and attitudinal variables are explored with a latent class model over 2400 respondents sampled across Italy. The results allow identifying the different role played by the policy drivers across the classes. It emerged that most of the respondents (43%) are particularly sensitive to the cost components (cost sensitive respondents). The remaining respondents instead show an important sensitivity towards personal engagement in term of changes in the mobility and eating habits (lifestyle-change sensitive respondents). However, while 29% of them perceive these habits’ changes as negatively impacting on the personal utility, the other 28% of respondents translate the potential changes in the habitual behaviour of driving and eating as environmental and health benefits. Based on the modelling results, potential policies are simulated reporting respondents’ reaction to selected scenarios. It shows the crucial role played by reduction of premature deaths due to atmospheric pollution and measure cost. 相似文献
976.
E. Holm 《Chemistry and Ecology》1996,12(4):265-277
The Baltic Sea is, like the Mediterranean, a marginal sea, which with the Black Sea, were marine environments contaminated from the Chernobyl accident.
Radiocaesium and plutonium isotopes were studied in water, sediment and macroalgae in the Baltic Sea since 1982. the inventory of 137Cs in the Baltic increased from 0.65 PBq to 5.85 PBq following the Chernobyl accident. the corresponding increase for 239 + 240Pu was less significant and yielded 1.5 TBq to a total value of 16.5 TBq.
For plutonium, 98% is trapped in the sediment and the net-exchange of this element through the Baltic straits is very small (1 GBq/year), while for radiocaesium, 45% is in the water phase and there is a net-loss of 60 000 GBq annually into the adjacent water (Kattegatt). 相似文献
Radiocaesium and plutonium isotopes were studied in water, sediment and macroalgae in the Baltic Sea since 1982. the inventory of 137Cs in the Baltic increased from 0.65 PBq to 5.85 PBq following the Chernobyl accident. the corresponding increase for 239 + 240Pu was less significant and yielded 1.5 TBq to a total value of 16.5 TBq.
For plutonium, 98% is trapped in the sediment and the net-exchange of this element through the Baltic straits is very small (1 GBq/year), while for radiocaesium, 45% is in the water phase and there is a net-loss of 60 000 GBq annually into the adjacent water (Kattegatt). 相似文献
977.
T. B. Kalinnikova I. A. Krasnoperova T. M. Gainutdinov S. V. Sadykova M. Kh. Gainutdinov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2005,36(2):109-114
The thermal resistance of Daphnia magna Straus is a trait depending on the interaction between individuals. The group effect is expressed in D. magna as both a decrease in thermal resistance and a marked individual differentiation with respect to thermal resistance. Two types of interactions between individual D. magna have been found: (1) the release of an unidentified factor decreasing thermal resistance (without noticeably changing the phenotypic variability of this trait) into the medium and (2) a decrease in the thermal resistance of individuals poorly adapted to heat stress, with the thermal resistance of well-adapted individuals (determined by the dependence of thermal resistance on interactions between individuals) remaining the same or even slightly increasing.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 126–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalinnikova, Krasnoperova, T. Gainutdinov, Sadykova, M. Gainutdinov. 相似文献
978.
在相关理论分析和Weber模型的基础上。拓展建立了面向水资源可持续发展的水资源最优配置模型。引入了基于政府管制的影响作用、沿河流域的水用户的实际消耗水量、实际排放水量、河流中可供使用水量及所排放污水水质水平等5个变量函数.通过政府管制下的水质和水量的河道内流量需求等环境约束条件.确保水资源利用始终满足最小基流水量。通过求量优解,计算得出在环境约束下达到最优配置时各个变量函数与对下游地区外部性之间的相关性。接着。本文对陕北黄土高原沿Y河的35家企业进行了实际调查.收集了2个年度共8个季度的观测值,应用计量经济Pand Data模型。对35个节点、8个季度的共280个数据作为混合样本进行经济计量分析。验证了相关结论。最后。还提出一些制定环境约束条件以及水用户间建立水资源环境生态补偿金机制等政策建议。 相似文献
979.
Michael A. Smith Ingvar L. Larsen Audeen W. Fentiman 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1611
Vertical distributions of 60Co are determined in soil cores obtained from a 10-ha grassland, where anaerobically digested sludge was applied by surface spraying from 1986 to 1995 on the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation. These results, along with historical application records, are used to estimate vertical-migration rates and perform a mass balance. The presence of 60Co results solely from the sludge-application process. Soil, vegetation, and surface-water samples were collected. Eleven soil cores were sectioned into 3-cm increments and analyzed by gamma-ray spectrometry. No 60Co was detected in the vegetation or water samples. The downward migration rate of 60Co in the upper 15 cm of soil ranged from 0.50 to 0.73 cm/yr. About 98%, 0.020 ± 0.011 Bq/cm2, of 60Co remained in the upper 15 cm of soil, which compared favorably with the expected 60Co activity based on historical records of 0.019 ± 0.010 Bq/cm2. 相似文献
980.
Emo Chiellini Andrea Corti Salvatore D’Antone Norman C. Billingham 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(3):169-178
Most of the standardized biodegradation tests used to assess the ultimate biodegradation of environmentally degradable polymers
are based solely on the determination of net evolved carbon dioxide. However, under aerobic conditions, it has to be considered
that heterotrophic microbial consortia metabolize carbon substrates both to carbon dioxide and in the production of new cell
biomass. It is generally accepted that in the relatively short term, 50% of the carbon content of most organic substrates
is converted to CO2, with the remaining carbon being assimilated as biomass or incorporated into humus. The latter is particularly important
when the metabolism of the organic matter occurs in a soil environment. A straightforward relationship between the free-energy
content of a carbon substrate (expressed as the standard free-energy of combustion) and its propensity for conversion to new
microbial biomass rather than mineralization to CO2 has been established. This can potentially lead to underestimation of biodegradation levels of test compounds, especially
when they consist of carbon in a fairly low formal oxidation state and relatively high free-energy content. In the present
work, the metabolism of different kind of carbon substrates, especially in soil, is reviewed and compared with our own experimental
results from respirometric tests. The results show that conversion of highly oxidized materials, such as the commonly used
reference materials, cellulose or starch, to CO2 may be significantly overestimated. The addition of glucosidic material to soil leads to greatly increased respiration and
is accompanied by a very low conversion to biomass or humic substances. In contrast, relatively less oxidized substrates metabolize
more slowly to give both CO2 and biomass to an extent which may be significantly underestimated if glucosidic materials are used as the reference. The
need for an overall carbon balance taking into account both the carbon immobilized as biomass and that volatized as CO2 must be considered in standard respirometric procedures for assessing the biodegradability of slowly degrading macromolecules. 相似文献