Investigation of the complexation of metal-ions by strong ligands in fresh and marine water

SCOPE: The detection and investigation of metal ions bound in strong complexes in natural waters is a difficult task, due to low concentration of the metal ions themselves, and also of the strong ligands, which, moreover, are often not of a well-defined composition. Here, a method is proposed for the investigation of the speciation of metal ions in natural waters. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: It is based on the sorption of metal ions on strongly sorbing ion exchange resins, i.e. complexing resins. For this reason the method is called Resin Titration. It has been shown in previous investigations that the concentration of metal ion totally sorbed by a particular resin, and its reaction coefficient in the solution phase in the presence of the resin, can be determined from the sorption data using a simple relationship. Here, a data treatment (the Ruzic linearization method) is proposed for also determining the concentration of the ligands responsible for the complex in equilibrium with the resin. RESULTS: The method was applied to data obtained by Resin Titration of a freshwater and a seawater. Copper(II) and aluminium(III) were considered, using Chelex 100 as a titrant, due to its strong sorbing properties towards these metal ions. The results were: the total metal concentration in equilibrium with the resin, the side reaction coefficients, and the concentration of ligands. In all these cases the ligands forming very strong complexes were found to be at concentration lower than that of the metals. CONCLUSION: The Ruzic linearization method allows the determination of the concentration of the ligands forming very strong complexes in equilibrium with Chelex 100. The reaction coefficient was better determined by the calculation method previously proposed for RT. The ligands responsible for the strong complexes were found to be at low concentration, often lower than that of the metal ions considered. The metal in the original sample is partly bound to these ligands, since the complexes are very strong. Only a part of the metal is linked to weaker ligands, or free.     

核桃壳生物炭小球对雌激素污染物的吸附机制

为探究生物炭小球对雌激素污染物的吸附机制,以农业废弃物核桃壳为原材料,在400 ℃下热解碳化制备生物炭,与黏土、碳酸氢钠、硅酸钠混合制备生物炭小球。采用ESEM观察、比表面积测定、红外光谱对其表面结构和组成进行表征,并将其用于对雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)和雌三醇(E3)的吸附去除研究。分别考察了吸附时间、溶液pH、生物炭小球投加量以及雌激素初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,并通过颗粒内扩散、等温吸附、吸附动力学探讨其吸附机制。结果表明：生物炭小球对雌激素的吸附平衡时间为15 min;投加量为1 g、pH为5、初始浓度为2 500 μg·L-1时平衡吸附量最大;颗粒内扩散模型研究结果表明吸附机制包括分配作用和表面吸附;准二级动力学可较好地描述生物炭小球对雌激素的吸附过程;生物炭小球对雌激素的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。所制备的生物炭小球对雌激素污染物具有较好的去除效果,在环境治理方面具有一定的应用前景。     

EVO(乳化油)-Mg(OH)2双功能缓释剂强化修复三氯乙烯污染地下水

氯代烃污染地下水在外加有机质(电子供体)进行强化还原脱氯时,存在有机质消耗快、pH持续降低等影响脱氯效率的问题。利用乳化油(EVO)与胶体氢氧化镁复配的方法,制备了一种兼具电子供体缓释性和OH-缓释性的双功能缓释剂EVO-Mg(OH)2;成功制备了不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的EVO-Mg(OH)2试剂,并对其稳定性、分散性及粒径分布进行了研究;向模拟砂柱中注入不同体积的EVO-Mg(OH)2,考察试剂的迁移性能以及试剂注入对三氯乙烯(TCE)迁移的影响;开展了EVO-Mg(OH)2强化TCE还原脱氯摇瓶实验,考察了该试剂对脱氯效果的影响。结果表明：不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的试剂稳定性及分散性良好,粒径无明显差异;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以有效地在多孔介质中迁移并实现部分滞留;注入量对EVO-Mg(OH)2的迁移性有一定的影响;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以促进TCE溶解和迁移从而减小EVO-Mg(OH)2和TCE之间的传质阻力;EVO-Mg(OH)2能够实现电子供体及OH-的双重缓释,有效促进脱氯微生物的生长,提高TCE的降解速率(k=0.128 d-1),同时抑制pH的降低(pH=7.5)。     

有机污染土壤异位直接热脱附装置节能降耗方案

以异位直接热脱附技术的原理、适用范围、工艺流程、优缺点等为基础,建立了输入、输出能量平衡关系式并进行了热平衡计算;针对该工艺能耗过高的问题,分析了系统各部分能耗,提出了节能降耗方案。通过烟气热回用装置,将二燃室后高温烟气余热能量经循环管道输送给土壤预干燥装置,将有机污染土壤含水率降低,从而减少系统总能耗。结果表明：经过热力计算,土壤水分预干燥量越大,系统节能效果越好;烟气余热足够用于土壤预干燥减少17%左右土壤水分的要求。通过土壤预干燥装置将土壤水分从20%降低到15%,可使直接热脱附装置降低能耗20%以上。     

上、下悬窗开启角度对排烟效果影响的研究

自然排烟窗有多种开启方式,开启方式的不同影响烟气的流动,进而影响排烟效率。通过数值模拟方法,研究了自然排烟窗的开启方式对排烟效果的影响。主要研究了上悬窗和下悬窗在排烟上的表现。通过对上悬窗开口角度的研究,发现了上悬窗主要排烟区域为两侧,且排烟效率跟开启角度正弦值有关,并在此基础上提出了一种提高建筑中上悬窗排烟效率的方法。而下悬窗的模拟结果则表明,开启大于23°时,排烟效果基本不受影响。     

页岩气加砂压裂高压管汇失效爆裂风险 控制措施研究与实践

随着页岩气平台井工厂化压裂施工启动,在大排量、高压力、长时间施工条件下,高压管汇失效爆裂大幅增加。为减少高压管汇在压裂过程中失效爆裂风险,运用故障假设、因果分析法从人的因素、物的因素、技术工艺、生产管理、工作环境5个方面分析事故的原因,提出了提升采购产品质量、修订完善高压管汇使用技术规范和管理制度、实施专业化管理、应用大数据管理高压管汇、优化现场地面高压管汇流程分配布局设计与联接工艺等高压管汇失效爆裂风险预防控制措施和失效后应急安全防护措施,建立了生命周期全过程、专业化的高压管汇失效爆裂防控与应急防护体系,实现风险可防受控。为页岩气压裂作业的安全提供了参考。     

Advantages and risks of using steel slag in preparing composts from raw organic waste

It had been reported that iron and manganese oxides in steel slag enhanced the production of humic acid (HA) from low-molecular-weight compounds, such as phenolic acids, amino acids, and saccharides. In the present study, this function of steel slag was applied to the composting of raw organic wastes (ROWs). The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. Thus, HAs were extracted from the prepared composts and the humification parameters were determined, in terms of elemental compositions, acidic functional group contents, molecular weights, spectroscopic parameters from UV–vis absorption and ¹³C NMR spectra. The timing for adding steel slag affected the degree of humification of HAs in the composts. The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17–18 kDa). These results show that ROWs are decomposed to low-molecular-weight compounds after the pile temperature is elevated and the presence of slag enhances the polycondensation of these compounds to produce HAs with a higher degree of humification. Because the slag used in the present study contained several-tens ng g^?1 to several μg g^?1 of toxic elements (B, Cu, Cr, and Zn), leaching tests for these elements from the prepared composts were carried out. Levels for leaching boron from composts prepared by adding slag (0.2–0.4 mg L^?1) were obviously higher than the corresponding levels without slag (0.05 mg L^?1).     

工业余热拆卸废旧电路板

电路板插槽元器件、通孔元器件、大元器件和小元器件的拆卸是废旧电路板资源化的第一步。前三者的拆卸率对后续的电路板粉碎有较大影响,是决定拆卸效果的重要参数。为探究工业余热拆卸废旧电路板方法中通气温度、加热时间和喷吹次数对元器件拆卸率的影响,找出最优的拆卸参数组合,进行了废旧电路板拆卸的正交实验。对元器件拆卸率、关键元器件总拆卸率的极差分析和方差分析表明,通气温度和加热时间的增大有利于元器件拆卸率增大;增加喷吹次数,有利于大元器件和小元器件的拆卸,但过多次数喷吹将造成插槽、通孔元器件引脚弯曲,拆卸率减小;通气温度、加热时间对元器件拆卸的影响不具显著性,喷吹次数仅对大元器件拆卸有显著性影响。综合分析关键元器件的拆卸率：通气温度350℃、加热时间5 min和喷吹6次是最优的拆卸参数组合,关键元器件总拆卸率达到98.6%。     

蒸发塔技术用于脱硫废水的处理

脱硫废水水质复杂、含有重金属,处理难度很大,为此开发了一种新型的脱硫废水处理技术——蒸发塔技术,可以实现脱硫废水的零排放。在实验室搭建了小型蒸发塔实验台,对脱硫废水的蒸发特性、热量衡算进行了研究。研究表明：导流板角度一定的情况下,脱硫废水主蒸发区在塔体中心位置,随着脱硫废水处理量的增加,主蒸发区域向塔壁和塔体下部偏移;导流板角度减小,高温区下移;雾矩受给液量和雾化器转速的双重影响,给液量越大,雾矩越大,转速越大,雾矩越小;塔径一定的条件下,适当调节进风量和导流板角度可增加脱硫废水的处理量;模拟计算表明,蒸发系统抽取热烟气量较少,不会对电厂热系统产生明显影响。     

活性污泥二次污染问题的探讨(Ⅱ)

讨论了城市污水经过A／O工艺处理时活性污泥的二次污染问题。将原水、处理后的出水及活性污泥用甲苯萃取，萃取相经过真空浓缩后，采用GC／MS测定了样品中的有机化合物，结果表明，在A／O工艺处理城市污水过程中，活性污泥的吸附作用是主要的，降解作用是次要的；A／O工艺所排放的活性污泥仍然是一种危险的污染物。