PM2.5在线监测技术概述

针对PM2.5颗粒物监测技术和PM2.5的监测网络的建设,重点介绍了美国多年来对PM2.5的监测状况,以及采用的Beta射线法、Beta射线光浊度法、微量振荡天平法等监测技术的方法和原理;指出综合国内外多年的监测经验,PM2.5的在线监测需要经过大量手工经典方法数据作为比对和校验,才能给出有效而高质量的PM2.5监测数据。     

以羟胺为底物的自养脱氮微量热研究

羟胺（NH₂OH）是单级自养脱氮系统物质转化的重要中间产物。从稳定运行（氨氮去除率维持90%以上,总氮去除率维持在80%以上）的单级自养脱氮工艺（SBBR）取活性污泥放入量热池,加入不同浓度N-NH₂OH（40～200 mg/L）进行量热实验研究。结果表明,用Boltzmann模型可以很好地表达量热值与NH₂OH浓度的关系,超过一定浓度的羟胺会抑制微生物活性,自营养脱氮过程的产热增量降低。     

曝气浸没固定生物膜反应器处理化粪池出水

研究了以丝瓜络作为生物膜载体的曝气浸没固定生物膜反应器在处理化粪池出水时的可行性以及运行性能。结果表明,丝瓜络生物膜反应器可以在2周内成功启动;水力停留时间(HRT)对COD和氨氮的去除效果有显著影响,在水力停留时间为4 h的条件下,系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别达到了78.5%和96.4%。另外,系统有较强抗有机污染物冲击负荷的能力,当COD和氨氮的进水浓度分别为59.3 mg/L和15.9 mg/L时,系统对有机污染物的去除效果较佳,去除率分别达到了80.0%和98.9%。     

The effect of greenhouse vegetation coverage and area on the performance of an earth-to-air heat exchanger for heating and cooling modes

The underground temperature at a depth of about 3–4 m is almost constant all the year round. In summer, the underground temperature is lower than the ambient temperature, but in winter it is vice versa. This potentiality is considered for greenhouse cooling and heating by using an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE). This paper considers the effects of two parameters as independent variables including the area of greenhouse and the percentage of vegetation coverage inside the greenhouse on the performance of an EAHE system during both cooling and heating modes. The inside temperature, the thermal energy exchange and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system were considered as dependent variables. The results showed that both greenhouse area and the percentage of vegetation coverage inside the greenhouse had significant effects on the performance of the EAHE system during both cooling and heating modes. However, the COP of the EAHE system was higher in the cooling mode (4.32) than during the heating mode (1.01). The percentage of vegetation coverage negatively affected the performance of the EAHE system in the cooling mode. However, the performance of the EAHE system improved with the increase in the percentage of vegetation coverage during the heating mode.     

热水解超声组合预处理对污泥厌氧消化产气潜力的影响研究

针对城市污泥厌氧消化由于融胞困难所导致的消解速率低、产气量低等问题,采用热水解与超声组合的方法对污泥进行预处理,考察经预处理后污泥融胞效率的变化及对厌氧消化产气潜力的影响.结果显示,热水解与超声波组合工艺对污泥的破胞作用明显,在30 min热水解与0.53 W/mL超声声能密度组合工艺反应60 min条件下,相对于处理前污泥,预处理后污泥溶解性COD(SCOD)溶出率可提高41.6％,蛋白质增加值达282.7 mg/L,污泥厌氧消化的产气潜力显著增加;30 min热水解分别与0.53、0.33 W/mL超声声能密度组合工艺对污泥破胞效率的差异不大;随着超声时间的延长,在组合预处理工艺前20 min内SCOD的溶出速率较慢,20260 min时溶出速率逐渐提高.试验结果可为城市污泥厌氧消化预处理工艺的选择提供一定的理论依据.     

冲击负荷对厌氧序批式反应器的影响及其恢复重建过程

研究了在厌氧条件下以葡萄糖为基质的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中冲击负荷对基质吸收和储存的影响及其恢复重建过程.结果表明,正常状态下,反应器在进水COD为5 000.0 mg/L,出水COD为188.6 mg/L,当进水负荷提高至正常状态2倍后,反应器中COD大量累积,其中51.13％为挥发性有机酸(VFA),48.87％则被转化为糖原储存在细胞体内,出水COD最高为2 368.9 mg/L,污泥糖原储存量最高为273.55 mg/g(以挥发性固体计),是正常状态的4.2倍.在冲击负荷条件下,反应器的产甲烷能力恢复较快,胞内糖原储存恢复较慢,出水COD和胞内糖原分别经过20、41 d后恢复冲击负荷前水平.     

2种新分离微藻的生长、氮磷去除和营养特性的比较研究

为了解2种新分离微藻的净化和资源化潜力,研究比较了其生长、氮磷去除和营养特性。结果表明,栅藻和月牙藻的最大生物量（干重）分别为0．78g／L和0．53g／L;最大生物量（干重）增长速率分别为0．05g／（L·d）和0．03g／（L·d）。培养至第23天,栅藻和月牙藻对TN的去除率分别为85．1％和72．5％;对TP的去除率为82．6％和79．7％,但栅藻较月牙藻更易释放较多的No2--N进入藻液。稳定期时,栅藻、月牙藻的粗蛋白质含量和粗蛋白产量（干重）分别为31．8％、19．2％和0．24g／L、0．09g／L;粗脂含量和粗脂产量（干重）分别为7．81％、9．26％和0．06g／L、0．05g／L。综上,与月牙藻相比,栅藻具有明显的生长、氮磷去除和营养优势,在进行水产养殖废水的净化和资源化利用上可作为优选藻种。     

X70钢在碳酸氢钠溶液中的腐蚀行为研究

通过电化学试验方法对X70钢在NaHCO3溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究.实验结果表明,当NaHCO3质量分数低于0.10%时,极化曲线呈现阳极活化溶解过程,高于0.10%时阳极极化出现钝化过程,并且在-0.6 V(vs.SCE)左右出现了一个新的小电流峰.通过对交流阻抗谱分析发现,高频区均是由略偏离半圆的容抗弧组成,并且实部有所收缩.HCO3-的还原反应在阴极过程中起主要作用,整个过程受极化控制.X70钢在NaHCO3溶液中的腐蚀速度随着NaHCO3质量分数的增大而增大,在试验结束后,对试样表面的腐蚀形貌进行了观察,并利用XRD分析出腐蚀产物主要为FeO(OH)和Fe3O4.     

Toxicity of abamectin and doramectin to soil invertebrates

This study aimed at determining the toxicity of avermectins to soil invertebrates in soil and in faeces from recently treated sheep. Abamectin was more toxic than doramectin. In soil, earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were most affected with LC50s of 18 and 228 mg/kg dry soil, respectively, while LC50s were 67-111 and >300 mg/kg for springtails (Folsomia candida), isopods (Porcellio scaber) and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus). EC50s for the effect on reproduction of springtails and enchytraeids were 13 and 38 mg/kg, respectively for abamectin, and 42 and 170 mg/kg for doramectin. For earthworms, NOEC was 10 and 8.4 mg/kg for abamectin and doramectin effects on body weight. When exposed in faeces, springtails and enchytraeids gave LC50s and EC50s of 1.0-1.4 and 0.94-1.1 mg/kg dry faeces for abamectin and 2.2->2.4 mg/kg for doramectin. Earthworm reproduction was not affected. This study indicates a potential risk of avermectins for soil invertebrates colonizing faeces from recently treated sheep.     

细水雾中雾滴和高温环境的热质交换研究

由雾滴的表面的组分方程和能量方程入手,探讨雾滴在静止的高温环境中的热质交换及生存时间。应用折算薄膜理论,通过特征时间的比较,提出雾滴与高温环境主要通过沸腾机制实现热质交换;考虑滴径与速度变化的耦合作用,应用数值方法研究雾滴在强迫对流环境中与高温环境的热质交换情况。结果表明:对于滴径较小的雾滴不可能达到火焰区或可燃物表面实施火焰冷却和表面冷却,其灭火作用主要依赖于汽化吸热。