活化温度对竹柳基活性炭性能及其制备过程中副产物组成的影响

以一种常见的环境修复材料竹柳为原料来制备竹柳基活性炭(WAC),考察了不同活化温度(400、450、500、550、600℃和650℃)对WAC性质及其除污染性能的影响,同时评估了制备过程中气态和液态副产物的生成规律与利用潜能.结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,WAC产率下降,热解油产率上升,而热解气产率相对稳定.六组WAC均具有较高的比表面积(BET),最高可达1526 m2·g-1,但BET值随活化温度的升高呈下降趋势;WAC的碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值最高可达1122.25 mg·g-1和415.50 mg·g-1,对重金属Pb2+和硝基苯的最大吸附量分别为9.20mg·g-1和4.21 mmol·g-1.WAC制备过程中热解气主要组分为H2、CH4、CO和CO2,随活化温度升高,H2和CH4含量上升,CO2含量下降,热解气的总燃烧热值升高.热解油的组分较为复杂,杂环类、烷烃类、烯烃类和有机酸类有机物含量较高,且随活化温度变化明显,在活化温度为650℃时,热解油的燃烧热最大.     

国产海水淡化装置铝黄铜换热管腐蚀调查分析

目的了解国产万吨级LT-MED装置铝黄铜换热管的腐蚀情况。方法通过对设备现场调研和腐蚀产物分析,对换热管的腐蚀类型和腐蚀原因进行分析,并对其腐蚀的危害性进行判断。结果铝黄铜换热管在凝结水侧发生全面腐蚀和点蚀,在海水侧主要发生轻微脱锌腐蚀。结论铝黄铜换热管在凝结水中腐蚀率很低,其全面腐蚀可以接受。换热管在凝结水侧的点蚀轻微,可对其进行定期检测。铝黄铜在海水侧的脱锌腐蚀轻微,可以忽略。换热管腐蚀程度轻微,不影响水质和设备正常运行。     

空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响研究

为研究空气相对湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用自制空气湿度控制装置和程序升温试验台,通入湿度不同的空气,对砚石台矿煤样进行程序升温,测定不同温度下所产生气体的浓度,分析耗氧速率、CO和CO2产生率、放热强度以及自燃极限参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:低温氧化前期,煤体的耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率与空气相对湿度成正比。随着反应的进行,85%或32%的湿度均会对耗氧速率、放热强度和CO产生率产生一定的抑制作用;CO2产生率随空气相对湿度的增大先升高后降低,最小浮煤厚度和下限氧浓度随空气相对湿度的增大先减小后增大,上限漏风强度先增大后减小。增大空气相对湿度对煤低温氧化前期有促进作用,其自燃环境条件更易被满足,自燃危险性升高。     

非稳态火源热释放速率等效合成模型研究

火源热释放速率的设定直接关系到火灾数值模拟与仿真的准确性.为研究多火源作用下的火灾热释放速率,通过对非稳态火源引起火灾的火势蔓延情况进行迭代分析,结合热辐射点燃机理,对单一火源引发其他可燃物共同燃烧的火灾建立了热释放速率等效合成模型,并通过对某型飞机客舱ULD内货物进行实例分析来加以验证.结果表明,等效合成模型的最大热释放速率受初始火源位置、可燃物的燃烧特性及其摆放位置的共同影响.     

不同季节大气可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))诱导小鼠原代培养神经元炎性及其级联损伤效应

为了探讨不同季节可吸入颗粒物(PM10)对神经元的损伤效应,本研究通过建立小鼠大脑皮层原代神经元体外染毒模型,考察了不同季节PM10对炎性因子诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)和黏附分子(ICAM-1)表达水平的影响,并探讨了与之耦联的磷酸化Ca2+/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱα(p-Ca MKⅡα)、环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(p-CREB)及即早基因(c-jun、c-fos)的表达情况.结果表明,PM10暴露刺激神经元炎性细胞因子释放增加,显著上调p-Ca MKⅡα和p-CREB的水平,并刺激即早基因的高表达,且以冬季PM10的效应最为明显.由此提示,PM10暴露可能通过炎症反应机制激活Ca2+-Ca MK-CREB通路,进而刺激即早基因表达引发神经毒性作用,而冬季PM10中多环芳烃类物质负荷可能是造成效应季节性差异的主要原因.     

Modulation of the DNA repair system and ATR-p53 mediated apoptosis is relevant for tributyltininduced genotoxic effects in human hepatoma G2 cells

The toxic effects of tributyltin (TBT) have been extensively documented in several types of cells, but the molecular mechanisms related to the genotoxic effects of TBT have still not been fully elucidated. Our study showed that exposure of human hepatoma G2 cells to 1-4 μmol/L TBT for 3 hr caused severe DNA damage in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the expression levels of key DNA damage sensor genes such as the replication factor C, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 were inhabited in a concentration-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that TBT induced cell apoptosis via the p53-mediated pathway, which was most likely activated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and rad-3 related (ATR) protein kinase. The results also showed that cytochrome c, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and the B-cell lymphoma 2 were involved in this process. Taken together, we demonstrated for the first time that the inhibition of the DNA repair system might be more responsible for TBT-induced genotoxic effects in cells. Then the generated DNA damage induced by TBT initiated ATR-p53-mediated apoptosis.     

管式加热炉间壁式空气预热器现状分析及方案优化

管式加热炉排出的高温烟气夹带大量的热量,降低排烟温度、减少排烟热损失可以提高加热炉的热效率,以目前常用的烟气直接预热空气和烟气间接预热空气两个方案进行对比分析,找出存在问题,并对烟气预热器的结构、排列方式进行改进,降低管式加热炉的能耗。     

Distributed generation by energy from waste technology: A life cycle perspective

Municipal Solid Waste in general and its organic fraction in particular is a potential renewable and non-seasonal resource. In this work, a life cycle assessment has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of two future scenarios using biogas produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) to supply energy to a group of dwellings, respectively comprising distributed generation using solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-CHP systems and condensing boilers. The London Borough of Greenwich is taken as the reference case study. The system is designed to assess how much energy demand can be met and what is the best way to use the digestible waste for distributed energy purposes.The system is compared with two alternative scenarios fuelled by natural gas: a reference scenario, where the electricity is supplied by the grid and the heat is supplied from condensing boilers, and a fuel cell micro-CHP system. The results show that, although OFMSW alone can only supply between 1% and 4% of the total energy demand of the Borough, a saving of ∼130 tonnes of CO₂ eq per year per dwelling equipped with micro-CHP is still achievable compared with the reference scenario. This is primarily due to the surplus electricity produced by the fuel cell when the micro-CHP unit is operated to meet the heat demand. Use of biogas to produce heat only is therefore a less desirable option compared with combined heat and power production. Further investigation is required to identify locally available feedstock other than OFMSW in order to increase the proportion of energy demand that can be met in this way.     

Numerical investigation into dynamic responses of RC columns subjected for fire and blast

Structures may be exposed to fire and blast due to accidents (i.e. explosion of flammable gas in industrial structures) or terrorist attacks during the service life. Performances of RC structures subjected to extreme conditions of fire and blast, thus, have drawn much attention from academia. In this paper, the coupling effect of high temperature and high strain rate in concrete was firstly studied based on the experimental data to improve the damage plasticity concrete model in ABAQUS. Secondly, the transient heat transfer effects in different fire scenarios and following fire resistances of RC columns with constant axial forces were numerically investigated on the basis of the improved concrete model, which are validated by the corresponding test data, and the residual axial loading capacity of RC columns was quantitatively calculated. By incorporating the different merits of implicit algorithm applied to heat transfer analyses and explicit algorithm usually used in blast analyses, a numerical approach to analyze the responses of RC columns subjected to the coupling loadings of fire and blast was finally developed. Mid-span displacements and damage of the RC columns subjected to fire and explosions were quantitatively calculated and discussed. The proposed approach was demonstrated to be effective in predicting the responses of RC structures subjected to coupling loadings of fire and blast.     

Implications of oxidative stress in occupational exposure to lead on a cellular level

The aim of this study was to determine oxidative alterations leading to cellular dysfunctions in Pb-exposed subjects by evaluating damage to all major classes of biomolecules in the cell, lipid peroxidation, protein and DNA damage and determine relationships between parameters of Pb toxicity and specific biomarkers of oxidative damage.

Analysis was conducted of smelter workers with high blood Pb and urine aminolevulinic acid levels and slightly elevated values of coproporphyrin and erythrocyte protoporphyrin IX. Significant decreases of thiol groups and increases in carbonyl groups as protein degradation end products, and of nitrite were detected. Elevated rates of lipid peroxidation and rises in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase were also observed. Both enzymes showed positive correlations with the blood lead levels and urine coproporphyrin, while thiol groups correlated negatively with the same indices. The genotoxic potential of lead was manifested through an increased number of DNA-damaged cells. Increased activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes indicated cellular damage in the lungs, kidneys, and liver. These lead-induced impairments should be taken into consideration in the assessment of Pb-related health hazards.