生活垃圾焚烧发电厂设计新思路探讨

以兴义市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂工程为例,介绍了该项目设计的主要内容;总结了项目设计中节省投资和改善环境的新思路,以助于推进生活垃圾焚烧处理技术的应用。     

加热与酸化与芬顿试剂对乳化液处理效果的研究

乳化液废水含有大量表面活性剂,化学性质稳定,给处理带来很大难度。为解决乳化液处理困难的问题,我们以某电子制造商产生的乳化液废水为研究对象,采取加热酸化-Fenton氧化开展处理研究,意在解决实际工程中乳化液废水处理困难的问题,同时为乳化液废水处理在技术上提供新的思路。在加热酸化-Fenton氧化处理中,由于乳化液稳定性极好,传统酸化破乳效果不理想,将加热用于酸化破乳,油水分离效果明显,在加酸量1.0 mL 98%H2SO4/100mL乳化液、加热温度95℃、加热时间1h条件下,加热酸化破乳使初始COD20万mg/L,浊度8000 NTU的乳化液废水COD降到46592mg/L,浊度降到20 NTU以下,COD和浊度的去除率分别达90.7%和97.5%以上;由于破乳后的废水仍具有很高的COD浓度,因此采取Fenton氧化进一步处理,在ρFe2+/ρH2O2=1∶30、ρH2O2/ρCOD=1.4、初始pH=4的条件下,经处理后的出水COD可降到18600 mg/L,去除率达61.4%,其B/C可由破乳后的0.11提高到0.3,废水的可生化性大大提高,为后续进一步处理提供可能。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响因素研究

本文研究了好氧颗粒污泥系统中,温度、pH、曝气强度、邻苯二酸(Phthalic Acid,PA)及氨氮(NH3-N)对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl Phthahte,DMP)降解效果的影响,结果表明:好氧颗粒污泥降解DMP的最佳温度、最佳PH值范围、最佳曝气强度分别为25℃～45℃、7.0 ～9.0、1.38 cm/s.当PA浓度为100 mg/L、300 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起促进作用;当PA浓度为500 mg/L、800 mg/L,PA对DMP降解起抑制作用.进水中50 mg/L的氨氮浓度对DMP降解的影响不大.本研究中采用的19种运行工况条件中,除曝气强度为0.33 cm/s以外,其他18种运行工况条件下,当运行时间达到300 min时,DMP的浓度都小于1.0 mg/L,因此,当水力停留时间达到5h以上时,温度、pH、PA、氨氮对DMP降解速率的影响基本上可以忽略不计.     

Methods for more accurate determination of explosion severity parameters

Accurate determination of explosion severity parameters (p_max, (dp/dt)_max, and K_St) is essential for dust explosion assessment, identification of mitigation strategy, and design of mitigation measure of proper capacity. The explosion severity parameters are determined according to standard methodology however variety of dust handled and operation circumstances may create practical challenge on the optimal test method and subsequent data interpretation. Two methods are presented: a statistical method, which considers all test results in determination of explosion severity parameters and a method that corrects the results for differences of turbulence intensity. The statistical method also calculates experimental error (uncertainty) that characterises the experimental spread, allows comparison to other dust samples and may define quality determination threshold. The correction method allows to reduce discrepancies between results from 1 m³ vessel and 20-l sphere caused by difference in the turbulence intensity level. Additionally new experimental test method for difficult to inject samples together with its analysis is described. Such method is a versatile tool for explosion interpretation in test cases where different dispersion nozzle is used (various turbulence level in the test chamber) because of either specific test requirements or being “difficult dust sample”.     

Solid State Reactions of Potato Starch with Urea and Biuret

Reaction of granular potato starch with urea and biuret resulted in the formation of products, which were soluble neither in cold nor boiling water. The net reaction was a monosubstitution of the hydrogen atom in one hydroxyl group in each D-glucose unit of starch with the either CO–NH₂ or CO–NH–CO–NH₂ moiety, respectively. Properties of the products, particularly these with urea, depended on the mode of reaction. Reactions were carried out in the microwave oven as well as with convection heating. The products retained the granular form of starch but a vast majority of granules were damaged. -Amylolysis of those materials revealed that their susceptibility to the enzyme increasing in the order: starch-amylolysis with simultaneous insolubility in water make these products suitable as ruminant fodder and, eventually, biodegradable material.     

Using a Set of Strategic Indicator Systems as a Decision-making Support Implement for Establishing a Recycling-oriented Society - A Taiwanese Case Study (16 pp)

Background Scope and Aims. To realize the vision of sustainable development (SD) originating from the ‘only one earth’ philosophy, and to integrate the conceptions of ecology and sustainability into the planning and decision-making criteria of urban growth management, the establishment of a recycling-oriented society (ROS) is essential. However, before the above intention can be achieved, it is indispensable to develop a system of strategic indicators for supporting a radical reformation of the urban development plan. Therefore, this study, based on the conception of the new urban development pattern ROS, attempted to carefully choose a sample city in Taiwan for launching a preliminary case study, and furthermore designed and proposed a concise and strategy-oriented assessment indicator system termed ROSAIS. ROSAIS, on the one hand, can act as a compass for understanding resource using efficiency and recycling status during city development and, on the other hand, can serve as an implement supporting decision-making for ROS construction.Methods According to the definition and spirit of ROS, the structure of ROSAIS should clearly represent the relationship between resources and environment in human activities. The eco-efficiency indicator system (EEIS) and environmental symbiosis indicator system (ESIS) can be considered two key sub-indicator systems, and are the necessary components of ROSAIS. EEIS chooses the dominant production sectors in urban economic activities to calculate their eco-efficiency (EE). Separately, for obtaining a consensus regarding the framework of ESIS, the questionnaire approaches and expert consultation, together with the research experience and foundation of current relevant studies and indicator systems, are applied when crucial resource and environmental issues and respective indicators are selected.Results and Discussion The calculation results of EEIS in this case study indicated that among the three dominant production activities (agricultural, fishery, and animal husbandry sector) the fishery sector has the highest EE, which indicates that the fishery activities and resources significantly influence the sustainability of the economic-environmental system of the sample city. Furthermore, according to a consensus achieved in ESIS, local green spaces, resource recovery, energy consumption pattern change, freshwater conservation and greenhouse effect abatement were considered as the five crucial issues influencing how the case study city can develop into an ES-city. The rate of local green spaces, resource recycling, freshwater conservation and the rate of reduction of nonrenewable energy use as well as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were used to evaluate the above five issues.Conclusion This case study is unparalleled in Taiwan. Even in Japan, where ROS legislation has been implemented, this kind of study remains in the preliminary stages. Furthermore, when communicating the indicator results, it is essential to provide the context and countermeasures of the crucial issues that are faced. The two sub-indicator systems proposed in this case study could comply completely with the above-mentioned requirements. For example, the EEIS provides information for achieving a balance between environmental burden and economic benefits among dominant production sectors; the ESIS provides information for setting strategies for overcoming the crucial issues faced. Recommendation and Outlook This study recommends that urban planers should consider the construction of the corresponding strategic indicator system to be indispensable, and makes further use of the indicator results related to the environmental education of residents for identifying and promoting participation with ROS, and turning them into implements for supporting urban SD decision-making. Furthermore, a successful indicator system depends on data availability and quality. This study recommends that urban planers should pay considerable attention to constructing relevant data collection channels, databases and the data quality.     

输变电工程电磁影响及其环境影响评价问题的探讨

结合各电压等级输变电工程环境影响评价的实际工作经验,以及国内工频电场和磁场污染投诉案例,介绍了国内外有关高压输变电工程产生的电磁环境与人类健康关系的研究进展.我国环境影响评价的相关标准已最大限度地考虑了电磁环境的影响,对民众健康不会产生副作用.同时,结合实际工作经验提出了加强和改进输变电环评工作的建议.     

江苏省典型年梅雨洪涝灾害对比分析

梅雨期降水形成的洪涝和枯梅年产生的干旱是江苏省主要的气象灾害.为了能客观地划分各年梅雨的旱涝等级,从而为防灾减灾决策提供依据,利用江苏省近50年来的梅雨资料,考虑梅期持时长短、梅期平均日雨量及暴雨日数等3个因子,给出了梅雨强度计算模型及梅期旱涝指标,较好地反映了江苏省每年各地的梅期旱涝状况.结合实际灾情,确定了典型梅雨洪涝年的标准.针对1954,1991和2003年3个比较典型的梅雨洪涝年,进行了详细的比较分析,结果表明:(1)长江及淮河流域上游的客水、入梅之前的降水量和梅期降水会直接影响该省梅雨期的洪涝灾情;(2)1991年的洪涝是历年来最为严重的,1954年的洪涝稍重于2003年;(3)3个典型梅雨洪涝年中全省最涝的地区都位于沿淮地区或江淮之间地区的北部,淮北地区这3年中都出现了较重的涝灾,淮北南部的灾情重于北部.     

中国城市自然灾害区划编制

依据灾害系统理论和中国自然灾害数据库,构建了综合城市化水平(C1)指标和综合自然灾害强度(QC)指标;运用数字地图技术,在模型与图谱互馈过程中,实现了中国城市承灾体与致灾因子的综合定量评价,编制了中国城市自然灾害区划图.将中国区划为3个一级区,即沿海城市灾害区、东部城市灾害区和西部城市灾害区,以及15个二级区和22个三级区,为城市灾害风险管理和中国自然灾害救助区划提供了科学依据.