Agricultural land-use change and ash (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fraxinus excelsior</Emphasis> L.) colonization in Pyrenean landscapes: an interdisciplinary case study

Changes in agricultural land use are responsible for significant modifications in mountain landscapes. This study is part of an interdisciplinary research on the processes and consequences of spontaneous afforestation of Pyrenean landscapes by ash, and the possibilities for its management. We address the relationships between vegetation dynamics and land-use change from the combination of an agricultural study of change in farm management and an ecological study of grassland colonization by ash. In the framework of a village case study, we characterized parcels management and land-use histories, and analyzed the dynamics of the composition of grassland vegetation communities. From a joint analysis of the results obtained in each discipline, we discuss the limitations and complementarities of the two approaches for the interdisciplinary assessment of the afforestation process.     

PREDICTING PEAK STREAM FLOW FROM AN UNDISTURBED WATERSHED IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIANS1

ABSTRACT: Data from a small forested catchment were used to model peak stream flow as a function of basic hydrologic variables associated with 112 rain storms. Rainfall depth and initial stream flow rate accounted for 87.1 percent of peak flow variability. Forty expressions of rainfall intensity (describing both the temporal sequence of intensity for 20 equal storm intervals, and maximum intensity for 20 separate interval lengths) were used in an attempt to improve the predictability of basic models. None of the intensity parameters improved predictability by as much as 2 percent, apparently because the most intense rainfall bursts generally occurred near the beginning of storm periods. Mean rainfall intensity for entire storms was generally as effective as any of the shorter interval intensities, and its use helped to linearize the relationship between peak flow and rainfall depth and duration.     

TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT OF A FLOW WITH SUSPENDED SOLID PARTICLES1

ABSTRACT: Success in measuring turbulence in water has been achieved by replacing the hot-wire probe by the hot-film probe. Accordingly, these results have greatly increased knowledge and understanding of hydromechanics. However, there are few published measurements of turbulent properties of flow with suspended solid particles. With this in mind, the authors conducted measurements of turbulent properties of flow with suspended solid particles by using a quartz-coated, wedge-shaped hot-film probe. Turbulent intensities and macroscale of eddy change in the flow with suspended solid particles on a movable bed is discussed.     

A CLOSED WATER REUSE SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANT COOLING AND DIGESTER HEATING1

ABSTRACT: A model consisting of closed water reuse and productive use of various types of wastes for energy generation is presented. The sewage after treatment would be used as the cooling water for power plants, and the condenser discharge therefrom be used as heating water for sludge digesters. The water is then purified for municipal water supply for continuous use. The advantages of this system are that water resources and energy are conserved while various types of wastes including waste heat are controlled. With a preliminary system analysis, it appears that the design for power plant based on the total heating value of wastes and digester capacity based on sewage sludge generation is feasible in terms of acquisition and full utilization of various types of wastes as generated in a single metropolitan area. The system as shown in this design is in balance among various factors such as the generation rate of municipal refuse, municipal sewage, waste heat in the condenser discharge, and raw sewage sludge.     

高邮市城区污染强度与北澄子河环境容量的相关性

根据2004年度高邮市主要纳污河流北澄子河流经城区后，污染物增加量、城区段河流的自净量及河流剩余环境容量，计算出城区段河流的总环境容量，再通过各年度河流流经城区后污染物增加量及自净量，计算出各年度城区段河流的剩余环境容量，分析城区污染强度与北澄子河环境容量的相关性，得到线性公式，从而可以根据城区污染强度推算环境容量的变化，或根据环境容量的变化推算城区污染强度。     

PAH Levels and Profiles in the Suspended Particulate Matter in Zagreb through Four Seasons

This paper presents the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in all four seasons in suspendedparticulate matter (SPM) collected with a high-volume sampler on one measuring site in the northern part of Zagreb. About 30 samples of SPM were analysed for each season, including workdays and weekends and there were no differences amongst them. The concentrations of all PAHs were highest in winter andlowest in summer. The spring PAH concentrations were lower thanthe autumn ones, as the spring had more sunny and warm days. Theprofiles of PAH/BaP at the measurement sites showed that the mainsource of PAHs in spring and summer was traffic while asubstantial amount of autumn and winter PAHs, besides traffic,came from heating.     

高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热研究

目的获得高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热机理。方法通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法,针对典型高超声速带翼飞行器开展飞行马赫数为15条件下的射流干扰热环境规律研究,分析无射流翼前缘气动加热特性,确定热流严酷射流开孔区域,分别在翼前缘激波干扰及翼后段布置射流孔,并设计射流流动参数,开展射流总压与来流总压比率在0.002～0.02范围内的流场仿真计算,获得局部流动及表面热流分布特性,针对计算结果进行对比分析。结果随着总压比率逐渐增大,激波干扰以及机翼后段射流孔区域热流均显著降低,降幅达76%～99%。翼中段无射流典型位置总压比率为0.002时热流增高,增幅为11%～24%,随着射流总压增大热流降低,降幅达68%～86%。高射流总压比率局部射流孔前热流增大2倍以上。结论射流影响下降热机理是射流将高温气体推离壁面,局部表面热流显著降低。低射流总压比率亚音速射流作用区域向下游延伸距离短,不会引起局部再附热流增大。高射流总压比率音速射流降热影响向下游明显延伸,增强射流强度可以增加延伸区长度,同时会诱导局部射流孔前再附热流显著增大。     

Nitrogen turnover on organic and conventional mixed farms

Separate focus on crop fertilization or feeding practices inadequately describes nitrogen (N) loss from mixed dairy farms because of (1) interaction between animal and crop production and between the production system and the manager, and (2) uncertainties of herd N production and crop N utilization. Therefore a systems approach was used to study N turnover and N efficiency on 16 conventional and 14 organic private Danish farms with mixed animal (dairy) and crop production. There were significant differences in N surplus at the farm level (242 kg. N/ha. vs. 124 kg. N/ha. on conventional and organic dairy farms respectively) with a correlation between stocking rate and N surplus. N efficiency was calculated as the output of N in animal products divided by the net N import in fodder, manure and fertilizer. N turnover in herd and individual crops calculated on selected farms showed differences in organic and conventional crop N utilization. This is explained via a discussion of the rationality behind the current way of planning the optimum fertilizer application in conventional agriculture. The concept of marginal N efficiency is insufficient for correcting problems of N loss from dairy farms. Substantial reductions in N loss from conventional mixed dairy farms is probably unlikely without lower production intensity. The concept of mean farm unit N efficiency might be a way to describe the relation between production and N loss to facilitate regulation. This concept is linked to differing goals of agricultural development—i.e. intensification and separation vs. extensification and integration. It is discussed how studies in private farms—using organic farms as selected critical cases—can demonstrate possibilities for balancing production and environmental concern.     

不同光照强度下香溪河浮游植物演替过程研究

为丰富三峡水库浮游植物演替机制,为三峡水库“潮汐式”调度提供理论依据和基础数据,基于前期香溪河水华易发区现场监测结果,其水下光照强度变化范围为1 800~17 000 lx,据此开展不同梯度恒定光照条件下香溪河源水混合浮游植物群落演替过程的室内控制试验.结果表明:①按照R*法则和关键光强假说,在其他环境条件适宜的情况下,光照为4 500 lx时,香溪河源水中混合浮游植物的生物量和多样性最高.②CSR理论（Competitor-Stress Tolerator-Ruderals Theory）中的浮游植物环境适应机制及生长策略不能准确解释不同梯度恒定光照控制条件下浮游植物的演替规律.光照条件是影响浮游植物群落演替方向的关键要素,而演替方向由群落发生演替时的光照条件与该群落中藻种关键光强的匹配程度决定.③香溪河源水中混合藻种的不同梯度恒定光照控制试验结果显示,小球藻（Chlorella sp.）、衣藻（Chlamydomonas sp.）、栅藻（Scenedesmus sp.）、肾形藻（Nephrocytium sp.）、微囊藻（Microcystis sp.）、色球藻（Chroococcus sp.）、隐藻（Cryptomonas sp.）和小环藻（Cyclotella sp.）的最适光强分别为3 000、8 000、13 000、6 000、6 000、13 000、13 000和6 000 lx.研究显示,将光照控制在合适的阈值范围,有助于维持浮游植物的多样性,对水华防治具有重要意义.      

电流对DF-BER反硝化和有机物转化的影响

利用反硝化滤池耦合生物膜电极反应器（Denitrification filter coupled biofilm-electrode reactor,DF-BER）实现生物深度脱氮过程,考察了不同进水水质条件下,外加不同电流强度对DF-BER的脱氮性能、出水有机物种类和浓度的影响.结果表明,DF-BER通过降解实际污水中原有难降解有机物来强化系统反硝化效果,电流强度为5mA时,与以模拟污水为进水相比,系统脱氮率提高14.7%.随着外加电流强度的增大,DF-BER的脱氮效果增强,实际污水出水中色氨酸类芳香族蛋白质含量降低,实际污水和模拟污水出水中均出现微生物代谢产物和腐殖酸积累现象.