Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

Transesterification of waste vegetable oil under pulse sonication using ethanol,methanol and ethanol–methanol mixtures

This study reports on the effects of direct pulse sonication and the type of alcohol (methanol and ethanol) on the transesterification reaction of waste vegetable oil without any external heating or mechanical mixing. Biodiesel yields and optimum process conditions for the transesterification reaction involving ethanol, methanol, and ethanol–methanol mixtures were evaluated. The effects of ultrasonic power densities (by varying sample volumes), power output rates (in W), and ultrasonic intensities (by varying the reactor size) were studied for transesterification reaction with ethanol, methanol and ethanol–methanol (50%-50%) mixtures. The optimum process conditions for ethanol or methanol based transesterification reaction of waste vegetable oil were determined as: 9:1 alcohol to oil ratio, 1% wt. catalyst amount, 1–2 min reaction time at a power output rate between 75 and 150 W. It was shown that the transesterification reactions using ethanol–methanol mixtures resulted in biodiesel yields as high as >99% at lower power density and ultrasound intensity when compared to ethanol or methanol based transesterification reactions.     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热项目主机选型方案刍议

发展燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热对于解决经济发展和环境保护具有重要作用，在我国经济发达地区已经开始大规模推广。阐述了燃气一蒸汽联合循环发电、供热技术、特点等，对主机选型方案提出建议。     

The effects of different mixing intensities during anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Mixing inside an anaerobic digester is often continuous and is not actively controlled. The selected mixing regime can however affect both gas production and the energy efficiency of the biogas plant. This study aims to evaluate these effects and compare three different mixing regimes, 150 RPM and 25 RPM continuous mixing and minimally intermittent mixing for both digestion of fresh substrate and post-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The results show that a lower mixing intensity leads to a higher biogas production rate and higher total biogas production in both cases. 25 RPM continuous mixing and minimally intermittent mixing resulted in similar biogas production after process stabilization, while 150 RPM continuous mixing resulted in lower production throughout the experiment. The lower gas production at 150 RPM could not be explained by the inhibition of volatile fatty acids. Cumulative biogas production until day 31 was 295 ± 2.9, 317 ± 1.9 and 304 ± 2.8 N ml/g VS added during digestion of fresh feed and 113 ± 1.3, 134 ± 1.1 and 130 ± 2.3 N ml/g VS added during post digestion for the 150 RPM, 25 RPM and minimally mixed intensities respectively. As well as increasing gas production, optimal mixing can improve the energy efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process.     

温和热处理对低有机质污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

以高浓度低有机质污泥为研究对象,通过改变加热时间研究100℃温和热处理对其有机物溶出以及厌氧消化性能影响.结果表明通过100℃的温和热处理,污泥上清液中的有机物浓度在预处理前30 min内显著增加,30 min以后则趋于平缓.其中SCOD、蛋白质和碳水化合物在100℃热处理30 min时的溶出率分别达到10.5%、11.6%和8.2%.温和热处理不仅可以提高低有机质污泥的产气总量,而且还可以缩短产气高峰的到达时间.经100℃热处理30 min的污泥,在厌氧消化10 d时的沼气产率(以VS计)为136.0 mL·g-1,比空白对照组提高了86.0%;厌氧消化30 d后的VS降解率也由空白时的19.1%增加到33.3%.此外,实验结果还表明,100℃的温和热水解处理对厌氧消化过程中的4种关键酶(蛋白酶、乙酸激酶、磷酸转乙酰酶和辅酶F420)均有不同程度的促进作用.     

低强度超声对醌介导偶氮染料脱色的影响

厌氧条件下,微生物的代谢速率很缓慢。而低强度超声辐照则可以有效促进微生物的活性,进而增强生化反应速率。基于此,文章采用低强度超声预处理耐盐醌还原菌群,研究在富盐环境下其对醌介导偶氮染料的厌氧生物脱色速率的影响。研究结果表明,低强度超声(辐射频率40 kHz)处理耐盐醌还原菌群的最佳条件为超声强度0.15 W/cm2,超声时间3 min。在50 g/L NaCl存在条件下,处理后的耐盐醌还原菌群能够使蒽醌-2-磺酸钠、蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸钠、2-羟基-1,4-萘醌和2-甲基-1,4-萘醌介导的偶氮染料酸性大红3R脱色速率分别提高8.8%,23.0%,4.2%及20.4%。通过透射电镜分析推测,低强度超声可能是通过增大生物细胞壁的比表面积来提高其传质能力,从而提高醌介导的偶氮染料脱色速率。     

湖南地区不同集约化栽培模式下双季稻稻田CH4和N2O的排放规律

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了湖南双季稻稻田不施氮(NN)、当地常规(FP)、高产高效(YE)、再高产(HY)、再高效(HE)5种不同栽培模式下温室气体(CH4、N2O)的排放规律.结果表明:水稻生长季CH4累积排放量变化为(206.5±37.5) kg· hm-2(FP,早稻)～(490.5±65.7) kg·hm-2(HE,晚稻),N2O-N累积排放量变化为(0.08±0.05) kg·hm-2(NN,早稻)～(0.326±0.15) kg·hm-2(HY,晚稻).不同栽培模式对CH4和N2O的排放都有显著影响(p＜0.05).HE模式CH4排放显著高于其他模式62％～ 87％(p＜0.05),尤其是晚稻季节;除NN模式外,其他4种模式间N2O排放差异不显著.冬季休闲期也是CH4和N2O排放的重要时期,分别占全年排放量的9.7％～19.7％和42％～ 62％.CH4主导了稻田不同栽培模式下的综合温室效应,在各模式中均占95％以上.施氮肥提高了作物产量,降低了温室气体强度(GHGI).在5种模式中,YE和HY模式温室气体强度较小,HY模式下仅为(0.97±0.16) kg·kg-1(以每kg产量排放的CO2当量计).因此,与FP模式相比,YE和HY模式既能提高产量和氮肥利用率,也能减缓温室效应;但HE模式排放的温室气体较高,在实际应用前尚需进一步研究.     

WRF数值模拟超强台风“凡亚比”路径强度及降水特征分析

采用中尺度数值模式WRF对2010年第1 1号台风“凡亚比”的发生发展过程进行数值模拟.通过设计的模式方案较好地模拟再现了“凡亚比”台风的发展、演变以及登陆过程,并利用台风最佳路径集提供的路径、中心气压、地面最大风速等信息资料,NCEP/NCAR分析资料,TRMM降水资料以及卫星云图、降水观测等各种资料与模式模拟结果开展了较细致的对比分析.模式模拟的台风路径与观测路径较为一致,分析出“凡亚比”台风的移动路径、强度、云系和降水分布等方面的特征.结果表明,台风的高低层环流形式、垂直运动场模拟结构也完全匹配,同时很好地把握住了中国沿海地区由台风造成降水的降水中心位置以及降水强度,但是对台风两次登陆时间的模拟均比真实的情况要迟6h,并且登陆位置偏西南.     

铜川地区11.4～1.5 ka B.P.期间黄土地球化学风化特征及其古气候意义

通过对铜川剖面黄土-古土壤地层中常量元素和微量元素的地球化学特征进行分析,结合AMS-~(14)C年代学数据,利用Na/K值、CIA(化学风化指数)、A-CN-K三角图、Bc(退碱系数)、Ki(残积系数)、Rb/Sr值和Ba/Sr值等指标,探讨了该地区11.4～1.5 ka B.P.间黄土-古土壤地层的化学风化特征及其古气候意义。结果表明:(1)Na/K、CIA和A-CN-K三角图等分析指示铜川剖面11.4～1.5 ka B.P.间黄土-古土壤地层处于初等化学风化作用阶段。(2)Bc、Ki、CIA、Rb/Sr和Ba/Sr等指标的变化趋势同黄土-古土壤地层具有很好的对应性,较好的记录了铜川地区11.4～1.5 ka B.P.间的气候变化特征,可以将该地区的气候变化划分为4个阶段:11.4～10.2 ka B.P.气候寒冷干燥;10.2～9.1 ka B.P.温度逐渐上升,气候略温偏干;9.1～4.4 ka B.P.气候温暖湿润;4.4～1.5 ka B.P.气候逐渐转为冷干。(3)元素地球化学参数记录的铜川地区全新世最适宜期为9.1～6.0 ka B.P.,并且在6.0～5.0 ka B.P.期间存在次一级的气候恶化事件。     

基于应力强度因子的发动机连杆裂解力数值模拟分析

目的为获得合适的裂解力,以某款轿车发动机连杆为研究对象,应用扩展有限元法(Extended Finite Element Method,XFEM)对裂解工艺中的裂解力进行计算分析。方法根据部件的实际尺寸建立预制初始微裂纹条件下的连杆裂解有限元模型,确定相关的材料参数,并进行有限元网格划分,确定部件之间的约束类型。以应力强度因子大于材料断裂韧度,裂纹即扩展为依据,反复试算得出应力强度因子达到断裂韧度时的裂解力,进而通过大量计算和数据拟合得出初始微裂纹长度与裂解力之间的关系。分析裂解力对塑性区的影响,为裂解力阈值确定给出参考。结果当裂解力能够满足裂解工艺要求时,预制的初始微裂纹长度应尽可能小。结论最为理想的裂解力为材料断裂韧度对应的裂解力。文中提出的分析方法也适合于求解各类连杆的裂解力。