Mercury (Hg) emissions from domestic biomass combustion for space heating

Three mercury (Hg) species (gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), and fine particulate-bound mercury (PBM_2.5)) were measured in the stack of a small scale wood combustion chamber at 400 °C, in the stack of an advanced wood boiler, and in two areas influenced by wood combustion. The low temperature process (lab-scale) emitted mostly GEM (∼99% when burning wood pellets and ∼95% when burning unprocessed wood). The high temperature wood boiler emitted a greater proportion of oxidized Hg (approximately 65%) than the low temperature system. In field measurements, mean PBM_2.5 concentrations at the rural and urban sites in winter were statistically significantly higher than in warmer seasons and were well correlated with Delta-C concentrations, a wood combustion indictor measured by an aethalometer (UV-absorbable carbon minus black carbon). Overall the results suggest that wood combustion may be an important source of oxidized mercury (mostly in the particulate phase) in northern climates in winter.     

Evolution of heavy metals in municipal solid waste during bio-drying and implications of their subsequent transfer during combustion

Bio-drying has been applied to improve the heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to combustion. In the present study, evolution of heavy metals in MSW during bio-drying and subsequent combustion was studied using one aerobic and two combined hydrolytic-aerobic scenarios. Heavy metals were concentrated during bio-drying and transformed between different metal fractions, namely the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, iron- and manganese-oxides-bound, organic-matter-bound and residual fractions. The amounts of heavy metals per kg of bio-dried MSW transferred into combustion flue gas increased with bio-drying time, primarily due to metals enrichment from organics degradation. Because of their volatility, the partitioning ratios of As and Hg in flue gas remained stable so that bio-drying and heavy metal speciation had little effect on their transfer and partitioning during combustion. In contrast, the partitioning ratios of Pb, Zn and Cu tended to increase after bio-drying, which likely enhanced their release potential during combustion.     

微波焙烧法与马弗炉焙烧法处理废脱硝催化剂的效果比较

用Na_2CO_3作为助溶剂、Na_2O_2作为消解剂,采用微波焙烧法和马弗炉焙烧法消解处理废钒钨钛脱硝催化剂。通过XRF、BET、XRD和NH_3-TPD技术对两种消解方法制得的钛钨粉样品进行了表征。表征结果显示,与马弗炉焙烧法相比,微波焙烧法得到的钛钨粉纯度更高,TiO_2与WO_3含量之和大于96.7%(w),且该钛钨粉还具有更高的比表面积和酸性,可以作为钒钨钛脱硝催化剂的生产原料再利用。     

热电冷联供系统在海上平台的应用

文章介绍热电冷联供系统的设备组成及其设计注意事项;介绍以燃气轮机为发电机组的热电冷联供系统案例。在热电冷联供系统中配置溴化锂吸收式制冷机,可充分发挥其利用低品位能源的优势;设计热电冷联供系统前,应进行必要的经济性分析,合理确定设备配置方案和配置容量;以燃气轮机发电机组和烟气型溴化锂吸收式冷热水机组为主要设备组成的热电冷联供系统,烟气系统的设计和安装连接是关键。文章可为燃气轮机热电冷联供系统的设计和建造提供技术参考。     

地方环境保护标准现状分析及“十二五”发展思路

我国地方环境保护标准工作起步晚、发展慢,仍与国家标准存在较大的差距。地方环境保护标准制(修)订的基本思路逐步由传统的保障总量削减目标实现、加严污染排放控制,向改善环境质量、保障环境安全以及实现区域联防联控并重转变。以北京、上海、广东等主要省市地方标准现状为例,分析了地方标准的工作难点,并探讨了"十二五"时期地方标准发展的思路。     

Effect of vegetative filter strips on herbicide runoff under various types of rainfall

Narrow vegetative filter strips proved to effectively reduce herbicide runoff from cultivated fields mainly due to the ability of vegetation to delay surface runoff, promote infiltration and adsorb herbicides. A field trial was conducted from 2007 to 2009 in north-east Italy in order to evaluate the effectiveness of various types of vegetative filter strips to reduce spring-summer runoff of the herbicides mesotrione, metolachlor and terbuthylazine, widely used in maize, and to evaluate the effect of the rainfall characteristics on the runoff volume and concentration. Results show that without vegetative filter strip the herbicide load that reaches the surface water is about 5-6 g ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for metolachlor and terbuthylazine (i.e. 0.5-0.9% of the applied rate), confirming that runoff from flat fields as in the Po Valley can have a minor effect on the water quality, and that most of the risk is posed by a few, or even just one extreme rainfall event with a return period of about 25-27 years, causing runoff with a maximum concentration of 64-77 μg L⁻¹. Mesotrione instead showed rapid soil disappearance and was observed at a concentration of 1.0-3.8 μg L⁻¹ only after one extreme (artificial) rainfall. Vegetative filter strips of any type are generally effective and can reduce herbicide runoff by 80-88%. Their effectiveness is steady even under severe rainfall conditions, and this supports their implementation in an environmental regulatory scheme at a catchment or regional scale.     

蓄热式高温空气制备特性研究

在自行研制的蓄热式高温带压蒸气发生器上开展了高温空气制备实验。主要对不同换向周期及一个换向周期内工况条件下的高温空气的生产特性进行了研究,相应地,对不同换向周期条件下的高温带压蒸汽发生器的热回收效率进行了计算。结果表明:以空气为介质时30 s的换向周期为最佳换向周期。随着换向周期的增大,热回收效率快速降低。在一个切换周期内,随着换热时间的延长,空气预热温度逐渐降低,排烟温度总体较低,蓄热体对烟气热量的吸收效果良好。     

三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾营养盐动态及干流逆向影响

为了研究水库干流对支流库湾营养盐动态的影响,于2009年春季三峡水库汛前泄水期,通过监测分析了库湾水流特点及叶绿素a、总氮、总磷和溶解性硅酸盐的时空动态。研究发现:三峡水库汛前泄水期,库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,干流水体以异重流形式倒灌入库湾;特定的水流特性为泄水期库湾营养物质运移提供了水动力基础,水库干流对库湾营养盐的补给及水华暴发范围有明显逆向作用;受干流影响,氮和硅自河口至回水末端呈递减趋势,磷主要受上游来水影响,空间分布趋势与氮、硅相反;叶绿素a浓度峰值向上游移动,水华范围向上游收缩,河口处叶绿素a浓度的时间均值明显低于回水末端,表明三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾下游水体水华受到干流逆向影响的抑制。     

膨胀型防火涂料对高压电力电缆引燃特性影响的实验研究

膨胀型防火涂料在电缆防火工程中有较广泛的应用,在使用过程中确保电缆涂料的效果与经济性具有重要意义。对喷涂不同厚度膨胀型高氯化聚乙烯防火涂料的高压电力电缆开展了在典型强度外加辐射热流条件的着火引燃实验,分析了电力电缆点燃时间、受热期间涂层对电缆外护套的保护与涂层受热后的形态变化。结果表明,电缆的着火行为与涂层厚度紧密相关。相比于未喷涂防火涂料的电缆,覆有膨胀型高氯化聚乙烯防火涂料的电缆在加热过程中明显膨胀,生成较软的泡沫状碳质层,且引燃时间较长,电缆起火后火势较弱。随着涂层厚度的增加,该涂料对电缆的阻燃和保护效果更为显著,研究结果表明,电缆表面喷涂1.0 mm厚度的防火涂料较为适宜。     

某高尾矿坝设计期渗流与稳定分析

针对某上游式高尾矿坝,采用经验类推方法概化了尾矿坝沉积地层分布。根据经验及相关勘察报告估计了尾矿坝不同分区渗透系数,采用二维及三维有限元方法计算了尾矿坝在汛期和正常运行期不同干滩长度条件下渗流场分布,分别对堆积坝分段变坡及初期坝外甩尾碎石所形成的大型反压平台对渗流场及抗滑稳定的影响做了评估,给出了尾矿坝在不同工况下的渗透稳定性评估结果及抗滑稳定安全系数,为尾矿坝设计提供了依据。