基于AWTP指数的浙江省干旱规律时空分析

利用浙江省51个气象站1960-2009年的50 a逐日降水资料,基于降水的平均等待时间(AWTP)指数,采用小波分析和克里金空间插值方法对浙江省干旱时空特性进行分析。结果表明,浙江省的干旱随时间增加有加剧趋势。在50 a中,1979年干旱程度最强,相当干期值最大,达到52 d。在趋势变化上还同时叠加着明显的年际和年代际变化。浙江省干旱存在3 a左右的主周期;另外浙江省的干旱具有明显的区域性,干旱程度由南向北递增。嘉兴的平湖市及浙西金华周围内陆丘陵盆地发生干旱比其他地区更明显,其次是杭州市西部、温州市及台州市温岭等东南沿海山地丘陵地区,中东部的宁波市和绍兴市、西北部的湖州市以及浙江西南部等地区发生干旱程度较轻。     

濒海环境下工程装备保养周期的确定方法

采用模糊综合评价法,量化了环境因素对工程装备在濒海环境下保养周期的影响,由此提出保养周期的调整方案,有利于提高工程装备维护保养的科学化水平。基于对大量数据的分析,深入研究了濒海环境下各环境因素对工程装备的影响规律,在此基础上分别建立了主要影响因素的模糊隶属度函数,更为科学地建立了定性指标与定量指标的联系,有效抑制了人为因素在评价过程中的干扰;采用比较标度法建立了权重集,最终得出环境因素的综合影响系数。     

乌鲁木齐市降水酸碱度及电导率监测结果分析及改进建议

随着工农业的发展,降水化学特征的变化日益成为人们关注的焦点。通过对乌鲁木齐市2007年-2010年降水酸碱度和电导率的分析,探讨其动态变化特征,并分析不同降水形态、不同供暖季节和不同监测点差异性。结果表明:各年和月之间pH值具有波动变化特征,降雪和降雨两种降水形态、供暖季节以及各监测点对pH值影响较小。电导率对环境变化较为敏感,2007年-2010年电导率均值呈递增趋势。各月份之间电导率差异较大,2007年具有一定季节变化,2008年-2010年季节变化不明显。不同降水形态、供暖季节和各监测点之间差异显著。多数情况下,降雪和供暖季电导率高于降雨和非供暖季。随着城市规模的扩大和经济的发展,为了更加准确了解城市的降水化学特征变化动态,需要增加监测点位。     

“十四五”我国VOCs排放总量控制方案研究与建议

我国大气污染防治工作已从以细颗粒物(PM_2.5)控制为主转变为PM_2.5与臭氧(O3)协同控制新阶段,O3已成为空气质量达标和持续改善的重要制约因素。挥发性有机物(VOCs)是生成臭氧的重要前体物之一,大幅削减VOCs的排放量是现阶段O3污染防治的关键。本文基于“十四五”我国VOCs排放的预测结果,提出了VOCs总量控制的总体思路、范围和技术路线,设计了VOCs排放总量控制方案,确定了总量分配指标和指标权重,进一步得出各省(区、市)2025年控制情景下VOCs排放的削减率、削减量以及排放总量,并以此为基础对“十四五”时期VOCs总量控制提出了以区域总量控制为主,结合重点行业、重点企业集群实施总量控制;强化重点行业、重点企业、集群或园区综合治理;建立以环境质量为核心,综合VOCs排放量核查核算及减排绩效评估的考核体系;同时提出了建立市场化的减排机制和舆论监督的实施机制等建议。     

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by microwave heating for confirmatory determination of chloramphenicol in chicken feed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

A magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) for chloramphenicol was prepared using a surface-imprinted and microwave-heating-induced polymerization method. The surfaces of the magnetic particles were first double-bond functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (γ-MPS), followed by the copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) in the presence of chloramphenicol as a template and 1,1-azobis(cyclohexane-carbonitrile) (ABCN) as an initiator in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and water with microwave heating at 80°C. The magnetic polymer possesses supraparamagnetic properties and was used to concentrate and cleanup chicken feed extract, followed by chromatographic separation using a Lichrospher®100 RP C8 column and detection with two multi-reaction monitoring transitions at m/z 321→ 152 and m/z 321→ 257. The mean recoveries obtained at two spiking levels were in the range of 94.6–100% The relative intra- and inter-day standard deviations were in the range of 1.4–2.6% and 5.1–5.7%, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 0.12 µg kg^?1. This confirmatory method was successfully applied to determine chloramphenicol in chicken feed samples.     

Reproductive trade-offs from mating with a successful male: the case of the tephritid fly Anastrepha obliqua

In lekking species, females may become sperm-limited when mating with sexually successful males, and this may be exacerbated by a poor male diet. Polygynous males may also be limited by the amount of accessory gland products (AGPs) they can transmit to females, which in turn may influence the females’ refractory period and longevity. Here, we tested the effect of male mating history, larval and adult diet on copula duration, mating intervals, female fecundity, fertilisation success, life span and likelihood to remate using sexually successful males of the lekking tephritid fly Anastrepha obliqua. Flies originated from either a native or exotic host fruit and were protein-fed or deprived. Male diet and larval host influenced copula duration, while the time elapsed between matings was affected by the interaction of mating order and male adult diet. Female fecundity was not influenced by female position in mating order or protein inclusion into the male diet. However, mating order and male larval diet influenced female fertilisation success. Importantly, as males mated successively they were less able to induce a refractory period on females, as the last females to mate with a male were more likely to remate and had slightly longer life spans than the first females to mate with males. These results might be attributed to a decrease in male AGPs with increasing male mating frequency. We discuss the role of conditional expression of male mating frequency with respect to A. obliqua’s life history, the trade-off that females face when mating with a successful male, the effect of larval diet on adult sexual performance and the possibility for sexual conflict to occur due to high male mating rates and fitness costs to females.     

农业干旱与气象干旱关联性——以淮河蚌埠闸以上地区为例

基于淮河蚌埠闸以上地区60个站点1961—2015年气象数据,计算作物水分亏缺指数（Crop Water Deficit Index,CWDI）与相对湿润度指数（Relative Moisture Index,M）,以冬小麦干旱作为农业干旱的代表,分析生育期内冬小麦干旱与气象干旱时空特征,并通过游程理论识别30场主要干旱事件的历时、烈度及重现期频率,展开农业干旱与气象干旱关联性研究,结果表明：（1）时间上,冬小麦生育期内农业干旱旱情年占比均高于气象干旱,年际差最多年份均发生在冬前生长期;（2）空间上,全生育期和各个生育期内的冬小麦干旱和气象干旱呈纬向分布,由南至北旱情逐渐加重,冬小麦干旱75%以上中旱占比发生在越冬期至灌浆成熟期,气象干旱仅在越冬期出现;（3）冬小麦干旱相较气象干旱存在延时,且烈度大于气象干旱,平均历时分别为18.8旬和17.3旬,平均烈度分别为12.2和9.9;（4）气象干旱历时达到1.28旬或干旱烈度达到3.35时,便会引发冬小麦干旱,且冬小麦干旱历时、烈度重现期频率大于气象干旱,农业干旱较气象干旱持续周期更长、频率及强度更大,气象干旱加剧农业干旱旱情。     

太原市采暖季PM2.5组分特征及重污染事件分析

针对2017~2018年采暖季太原市PM_2.5及其水溶性离子、碳质组分和无机元素开展在线观测,结合气象数据分析不同污染水平下的组分特征.分析表明,2017~2018年太原市采暖季细颗粒物主要化学成分为SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Cl^-、Ca²⁺、OC、EC,且呈现OC>SO₄^2- > NO₃^- > NH₄⁺ > Cl^- > Ca²⁺ > EC的趋势,随污染水平增长最多的是二次无机物;优良、轻度污染和重污染3种污染水平下OC、EC相关系数分别为0.69、0.66、0.55,N/S分别为1.06、1.29、0.93,表明随着污染水平的提高,OC和EC的来源一致性逐步变差,且排放源虽仍处于氮排放源（移动源和工业源）和硫排放源（燃煤源）的共同控制,但硫排放源贡献率显著升高.重污染事件分析表明太原市重污染应对过程中不仅需要加强机动车、工业源等污染源的管控,更需要重点加强燃煤管控.     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in water and surface sediment from the Three Gorges Reservoir

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), the hydrological situation of the reservoir has changed greatly. The concentration and distribution of typical persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment have also changed accordingly. In this study, the concentration, distribution and potential sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and 6 phthalic acid esters(PAEs) during the water drawdown and impoundment periods were investigated in water and sediment from the TGR. According to our results, PAHs and PAEs showed temporal and spatial variations. The mean ΣPAH and ΣPAE concentrations in water and sediment were both higher during the water impoundment period than during the water drawdown period. The water samples from the main stream showed larger ΣPAH concentration fluctuations than those from tributaries. Both the PAH and PAE concentrations meet the Chinese national water environmental quality standard(GB 3838-2002). PAH monomers with 2–3 rings and 4 rings were dominant in water, and 4-ring and 5–6-ring PAHs were dominant in sediment. Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)were the dominant PAE pollutants in the TGR. DBP and DEHP had the highest concentrations in water and sediment, respectively. The main source of PAHs in water from the TGR was petroleum and emissions from coal and biomass combustion, whereas the main sources of PAHs in sediments included coal and biomass combustion, petroleum, and petroleum combustion. The main source of PAEs in water was domestic waste, and the plastics and heavy chemical industries were the main sources of PAEs in sediment.     

关于新时代我国粮食安全观的思考

新时代国内外环境发生了深刻变化,对国家粮食安全战略提出了新要求。重新思考和梳理新形势下粮食安全面临的一系列新问题和新变化,不仅有助于深化对粮食安全问题的系统认知,同时对推动供给侧改革背景下农业产业升级和农村持续发展具有积极意义。目前,我国粮食安全领域陷入产量多、进口多、库存多、补贴多和浪费多的“五多怪圈”。传统农学派、经济学派和资源环境学派等不同学科对粮食安全问题的理解和观点存在较大差异,体现了粮食安全问题的复杂性。粮食安全概念从强调对粮食量的保障和供给、强调市场条件下的个人购买能力,到从基本保障提升到生活品质、强调国家对风险的抵御能力,内涵不断充实和延伸,是社会经济发展的必然选择和要求。现阶段应当从全产业、多尺度、精准化、多维度、多因素视角全方位解读粮食安全的最新内涵。面对新时代,在我国粮食出现阶段性、结构性供大于求的背景下,构建“营养、绿色、多元、开放”的新时代粮食安全观势在必行。