重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响

研究了3种重金属离子(Cu2 、Zn2 、Cd2 )对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)鳃丝Na K ATPase活力的影响。结果表明:3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na K ATPase活力的影响显著(p<0.05)而对照组变化不显著(p>0 05)。除0.05mg/LCd2 处理组凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na K ATPase活力在实验时间内均表现为显著促进作用外,3种重金属离子低浓度组在短时间内对Na K ATPase活力出现暂时的激活现象,至24h后同高浓度组一样,随作用时间Na K ATPase活力逐渐降低,表现为显著性抑制的剂量效应关系。     

北方海洋生态站几种经济动物体内5种重金属残留量

对北方海洋生态站生态监测海域几种贝类、鱼类体内Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Cu残留量及季节变化进行了调查、分析,并且评价了这些经济动物的生物质量。结果表明:贝类Hg的含量(×10-6湿重以下同)为未检出～0.026,As为0.330～1.361,Cu为0.67～14.04,Pb为0.022～1.02,Cd为0.086～3.90;鱼类的Hg含量为0.001～0.017、As为0.672～0.998、Cu为1 35～5.90、Pb为0.016～0.57、Cd为0.006～0.45。扁玉螺体内重金属残留量季节变化明显;生物体内Hg和Cu的含量均符合中华人民共和国国家标准中关于食品中限量卫生标准,其他重金属含量均有超标现象,Cd最严重。     

Electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by lactic acid enhancement in the catholyte

The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a supeffund site in Califomia of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.     

Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO.Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.     

Emission control for precursors causing acid rain (V): Improvement of acid soil with the bio-briquette combustion ash

The bio-briquette technique which mixes coal, biomass and sulfur fixation agent and bio-briquettes under 3-5 t/cm^2 line pressure has aroused people‘s attention in view of controlling the air pollution and the acid rain. In this paper, the physicochemical properties of bio-briquette and its ash were investigated. And the acid soil was improved by the bio-briquette combustion ash, which contained nutritive substances such as P, N, K and had the acid-neutralizing capacity(ANC). The pH, EC, effective nutrient elements(Ca, Mg, K, P and N), heavy metal elements(AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn) and acid-neutralizing capacity change of ash-added soils within the range of 0-10%, were also studied. Specially, when 5% bio-briquette combustion ash was added to the tested soil, the content of the effective elements such as Ca, Mg and K rose by 100 times, ? times and twice, respectively. The total nitrogen also increased by about twice. The results showed the oxyanions such as that of AI, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Mn were not potentially dangerous, because they were about the same as the averages of them in Chinese soil. It is shown that the ANC became stronger, though the ANC hardly increases in the ash-added soil. On the basis of the evaluation indices, it is concluded that the best mixture ratio is to add 2.5%--8% of the bio-briquette combustion ash to the tested soil.     

铜绿假单胞菌对铜和铅的吸附

研究了铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)对Cu和Pb的吸附特性.结果表明,相同条件下,该菌株对Cu~(2+)的吸附率低于Pb~(2+).对于单一重金属体系,吸附率均随时间的延长先上升后平稳变化,2 h达到稳定.吸附率随投菌量的增加先迅速增加,之后趋于平稳.对于Cu~(2+),投菌量为1 g·L~(-1)时吸附率达到稳定,而Pb~(2+)的吸附效果达到平稳时的投菌量为0.5 g·L~(-1).单位质量菌体对Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附量随投菌量的增加而下降.pH为3时,菌体的吸附效果较差,当pH为5~8时,2种重金属的吸附效果较高.对于活菌,Pb~(2+)对菌体吸附Cu~(2+)有抑制作用,而Cu~(2+)对菌体吸附Pb~(2+)的影响无明显规律.对于失活菌,P.aeruginosa吸附Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的效果均随共存重金属浓度的增大而降低,但Cu~(2+)对Pb~(2+)的影响比Pb~(2+)对Cu~(2+)的影响更显著.扫描电镜观察发现,吸附后的菌体较吸附前聚集性更好.总体而言,P.aeruginosa能对水体中共存的Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)有较好的吸附效果.     

水体突发性重金属污染胁迫下斑马鱼的行为反应分析

研究了斑马鱼在不同程度突发性的Zn2＋和Cr6＋胁迫下的行为反应,采用计算机视觉技术量化研究斑马鱼游动行为数据。结果表明,在Zn2＋和Cr6＋的突发性胁迫中,斑马鱼的行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为与污染物种类、质量浓度和暴露时间直接相关,并表现出比较相似的行为变化规律;随着胁迫程度的增加,斑马鱼游动速度的变化幅度增大,反应时间缩短,且其变化曲线符合生物行为的环境压力模型。斑马鱼的行为变化远远提前于生物的病理损伤或死亡,可利用斑马鱼暴露于污染物时的行为变化实现在线水体突发性重金属污染事故的监测预警。     

最大熵模糊综合评价法在污灌区土壤重金属污染等级划分中的应用

以开封市化肥河污灌区为例,运用最大熵模糊综合评价法开展了土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、As)污染评价.结果表明: 在污灌区13个样点中,属于3级重污染的样点达11个,占总样点数的84.62%,只有位于化肥河上游的两个样点属于2级水平,污染较轻;在所有污染因子中,Cd和As的污染最为突出,其中Cd平均权重值为0.541 9,是最主要的污染因子.与内梅罗法综合指数法评价的结果相比较,最大熵模糊综合评价法能够显示更多的土壤污染信息,引入目标函数和隶属度,重视不同污染因子的权重,具有更高的准确性.     

昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属污染评价及相关性分析

以昭通市农田区域为研究对象,采用点对点协同采样的方法对昭通市农田土壤和蔬菜进行采集,测定了As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd和Cr 这6种重金属含量.使用地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数对土壤重金属污染进行评价,利用健康风险模型评估蔬菜对人体产生的风险情况.结果表明,研究区土壤存在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于农用地风险筛选值,超标率分别为34.35%、6.87%、2.29%、80.15%和6.11%;蔬菜存在Pb、Cd和Cr污染,相较于食品中污染物限量,超标率分别为6.87%、15.27%和36.64%.土壤污染评价表明,土壤重金属Cd存在强生态风险,其余重金属存在轻微生态风险.人体健康风险评估模型显示,非致癌风险及致癌风险均超过可接受范围,且对儿童的影响更大.相关性分析表明,土壤中的As对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有拮抗作用,而土壤中Cr对蔬菜吸收Cu和Zn具有促进作用.     

基于信息扩散模型的沣东新城区土壤重金属潜在生态风险评估

我国目前大规模的新区建设导致严峻的区域土壤重金属污染形势.以沣东新城为研究靶区,进行重金属含量特征描述性统计及克里金插值分析,进一步结合潜在生态风险指数与信息扩散理论,构建基于风险评估的信息扩散模型,探讨了Pb、Cu、Cd和Hg的污染程度、污染风险及风险发生概率.结果表明,研究区内4种土壤重金属的含量均值远超土壤重金属背景值,分别是背景值的1.943（Pb）、1.419（Cu）、3.074（Cd）和3.567（Hg）倍,且重金属分布受人为干扰较大呈强变异性（CV>65%）.其中,Pb和Cu污染分布主要受到工业生产与建设用地开发的影响,工业活动、农业活动及交通运输是主要的Cd污染源,而工业建设是造成Hg污染的主要因素.重金属潜在生态风险指数平均值分别为9.716（Pb）、7.095（Cu）、92.292（Cd）和142.469（Hg）,区域综合潜在生态风险指数（RI）均值为251.573,表明区域整体处于较高的潜在生态风险状态.区域Pb和Cu整体处于轻度潜在生态风险,而Cd和Hg以中风险与较高风险为主,表明Cd和Hg是区域重金属污染的主导因素.信息扩散潜在生态风险模型评估结果显示,区域综合潜在生态风险各等级的概率排序为：较高（38.98%）>中度（38.55%）>高（5.89%）>轻微（5.15%）>极高（3.56%）,Cd、Hg元素各潜在生态风险等级的超越概率远大于Pb和Cu,Hg元素各污染等级的超越概率分别为轻微（94.89%）、中度（66.85%）、较高（23.62%）、高（3.9%）和极高（2%）,其中仅轻微等级的超越概率小于Cd.潜在生态风险等级的污染概率预测误差均小于5%,体现了基于风险评估的信息扩散模型的可靠性.研究结果可为样本受限地区的土壤重金属潜在生态风险监测与管控提供技术借鉴与支持.