南方丘陵区河流表层沉积物重金属污染评价

采样分析南方丘陵山区瓯江、钱塘江、闽江、九龙江沉积物中重金属含量,并对其来源及生态风险进行研究.结果显示,沉积物中Mn、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、V在九龙江有较高浓度,Ni、Cu在钱塘江浓度最高,Cr、Sb在瓯江浓度最高,而Al、Co和V的最高浓度分布在闽江.但重金属含量空间差异不显著.SQGs、Igeo和EF评价显示,Cd在研究区沉积物中污染最为严重,呈中度至重度污染,其次是Mn、Zn、Pb,其在研究区部分地区存在轻度污染,其他重金属处于无污染状态.RI评价显示,研究区河流沉积物存在极高重金属潜在生态风险,尤其是Cd.相关分析和PCA分析显示,Zn、As、Cd、Pb来自于自然过程、矿业开采及农业生产过程,Cr、Ni、Sb来自于工业生产过程产生废水,Al、Co和V来自于自然过程,而Cu则来源于混合源.pH值、TP、TN和LOI是影响水体中重金属含量的重要因子.本研究为河流生态系统的健康和保护提供重要依据.     

2015年冬季京津冀两次重污染天气过程气象成因

为了分析京津冀地区2015年11月27日~12月1日和12月19日~25日这2次重污染过程,从环流形势、大气稳定度条件、动力条件、水汽条件、近地层风场输送等几个方面对重污染天气的形成机制展开分析,结果表明：这2次重污染天气过程均属于静稳型,津京冀各地重度以上污染时长均超过50%.在大范围静稳形势存在时,过程一期间边界层内的垂直扩散条件较过程二偏弱,过程一期间地面辐合线位置偏北且维持不动,过程二期间辐合线位置偏南且略微南北摆动,导致了2次过程重污染区域和污染增长速率的不同.对北京而言,过程一前期降雪融化提供了有利水汽条件,弱偏南风有利于污染物和水汽的输送,混合层高度持续异常偏低（京津冀平均混合层高度339m）、过程期间伴随弱下沉运动（0~2Pa/s）、多层逆温（且厚度大）造成日变化不明显,地面辐合线在北京中部维持等多重因素,使得污染浓度极高,北京地区PM_2.5峰值浓度达593mg/m³.过程二前期采取了减排措施,能见度和PM_2.5日变化大、污染发展较过程一前期平缓;后期不利气象条件叠加污染排放,导致了PM_2.5爆发式增长,其中邢台PM_2.5峰值浓度达70mg/m³,增长率超过7.2mg/（m³·h）.     

Effect of manganese oxide-modified biochar addition on methane production and heavy metal speciation during the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge

Low organic matter content and high heavy metal levels severely inhibit the anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge. In this study, the effect of added manganese oxide-modified biochar composite (MBC) on methane production and heavy metal fractionation during sewage sludge AD was examined. The MBC could increase the buffering capacity, enhance the methane production and degradation of intermediate acids, buffer the pH of the culture, and stabilize the sewage sludge AD process. The application of MBC positively impacted methane production and the cumulative methane yield increased up to 121.97%, as compared with the control. The MBC addition can improve metal stabilization in the digestate. An optimum MBC dose of 2.36?g was recommended, which would produce up to 121.1?L/kg volatile solids of methane. After the AD process, even though most of the metals accumulated in the residual solids, they could be transformation from the bio-available fractions to a more stable fraction. The total organic- and sulfide-bound and residual fraction content at a 3?g dose of MBC that is 0.12?g/g dry matter were 51.06% and 35.11% higher than the control, respectively. The results indicated that the application of MBC could improve the performance of AD and promote stabilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge post the AD process.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

Water incubation-induced fluctuating release of heavy metals in two smelter-contaminated soils

The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.     

草海湖沉积物中重金属污染现状及生态风险评价

贵州草海湖是典型的高原天然淡水湖泊,属于长江上游金沙江支流的上源湖泊,研究其沉积物中重金属分布特征及生态风险评价对该区域及下游的水质监控与污染防治具有重要意义. 2017年7月采集贵州草海湖柱状沉积物,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪法和双道原子荧光光度计法分析沉积物中Zn、Cd、Ni、Fe、V、Cr、Pb、Cu、As等9种重金属元素的质量分数,并利用地累积指数法、富集系数法和潜在生态风险指数法进行重金属污染评价.结果表明:草海湖表层沉积物各重金属质量分数平均值表现为w（Fe）（31 400.00 mg/kg）> w（Zn）（219.18 mg/kg）> w（V）（59.76 mg/kg）> w（Cr）（56.16 mg/kg）> w（Pb）（54.01 mg/kg）> w（Ni）（33.58 mg/kg）> w（Cu）（20.35 mg/kg）> w（As）（15.41 mg/kg）> w（Cd）（0.84 mg/kg）.表层（0~10 cm）沉积物中w（Fe）、w（Cr）、w（V）、w（As）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）分布较均匀,其元素主要来源于岩石风化、土壤侵蚀等自然源;w（Zn）、w（Cd）、w（Pb）分布相对离散,主要来源于农业、炼锌业和交通运输等人为源;在垂直（0~25 cm）方向上,w（Pb）、w（Cu）、w（V）、w（Ni）以波动型为主,w（Zn）、w（Cd）、w（As）主要为稳定型,w（Cr）和w（Fe）为富集型.重金属污染评价结果显示,草海湖沉积物中元素Zn、Pb均为偏中度污染、Cd为中度污染,其潜在生态风险高低表现为下游 > 上游 > 中游.研究显示,草海湖下游区域为中等潜在生态风险,Cd为主要的潜在生态风险因子,重金属的质量分数主要受土法炼锌和农业施肥等人为活动的影响.      

阳澄湖沉积物重金属空间分布及生物毒害特征

为了解阳澄湖沉积物重金属含量空间分布及污染特征,选取阳澄湖柱状沉积物样为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）、原子荧光光谱仪（AFS）和Hydra-c型全自动测汞仪于2018年2月对阳澄湖15个采样点沉积物柱状样中8种重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg进行测定,分析重金属元素含量在水平及垂向的分布特征和污染状况.结果表明,阳澄湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg平均含量分别为101.28,68.72,66.54,187.33,15.85,0.45,34.02,0.09mg/kg,是各自背景值的1.34,2.09,2.89,2.88,1.69,4.99,1.54,3.00倍.垂向上重金属的含量随着深度的增加呈现出下降的趋势.对8种重金属进行相关分析和聚类分析,除As、Ni和Hg外,不同重金属之间存在着显著相关关系（P<0.05）,这说明阳澄湖沉积物重金属之间存在着一定的同源性.采用沉积物质量基准（SQG）对阳澄湖沉积物中重金属生物毒性效应进行了评价,结果表明,阳澄湖沉积物中Ni有75%以上的可能性出现生物毒害效应,Cr、Cu、Zn、As则有10%~75%的可能性产生生物毒害效应,而Cd、Pb和Hg造成的生物毒害效应的可能性较小.ERMQ评价结果表明,阳澄西湖沉积物中重金属造成生物毒害的风险较大,其余湖区发生重金属生物毒害的风险较小.     

内蒙古河套灌区盐碱土壤N2O排放特征

选择内蒙古河套灌区强度盐碱土壤S₁[电导率（EC）2.60dS/m]和轻度盐碱土壤S₂[电导率（EC） 0.74dS/m]为研究对象,2014~2016年,利用静态箱法3年野外原位观测试验,研究盐碱土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放通量.结果表明：2种不同盐碱程度土壤N₂O排放每年均存在显著差异,轻度盐碱土壤N₂O累积排放量低;随EC升高,土壤盐碱程度加重,土壤N₂O累积排放量升高.2014~2016年作物生长季（4~11月）轻度盐碱土壤N₂O累积排放量分别为180.6,167.6,118.2mg/m²;强度盐碱土壤N₂O累积排放量比轻度盐碱土壤分别增加19%、26%和45%,修复盐碱土壤成为减缓盐碱土壤N₂O累积排放的重要农艺措施.     

西安冬季重污染过程PM2.5理化特征及来源解析

基于单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）观测数据、颗粒物质量浓度数据和气象要素数据,研究了2017年11月西安市一次重污染过程中细颗粒物的化学组分特征及其成因,并使用正矩阵因子分析法（PMF）对细颗粒进行了来源解析.结果表明,西安市冬季重污染过程中细颗粒物主要类型为有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）、混合碳（ECOC）、富钾（K）、钠-钾（Na-K）、有机胺（amine）、矿尘（dust）和重金属（HM）,其主要来源为燃煤（24.9%）,二次（29.3%）,工业（19.3%）,交通（13.3%）,生物质燃烧（5.2%）和扬尘（1.9%）.通过对比分析不同污染过程细颗粒物的理化特征,发现高湿度,低风速的不利气象条件和供暖及工业生产导致的燃煤污染、二次污染,是此次重污染过程的主因.     

模拟酸雨对福州平原稻田土壤细菌丰度及多样性的影响

为了探讨酸雨对稻田土壤细菌的影响,以福州平原某稻田为研究对象,测定和分析模拟不同酸度酸雨处理下早、晚稻土壤细菌群落组成及其丰度.结果表明：模拟酸雨处理提高了早稻土壤细菌的多样性,但却降低了晚稻土壤细菌的多样性;酸雨改变了稻田土壤细菌的丰度及群落结构,经模拟不同酸度的酸雨处理,稻田土壤细菌的优势菌属及其丰度并不一致;早稻pH3.5处理组与早稻对照组之间的物种多样性及群落结构差异最大,晚稻pH2.5处理组与晚稻对照组之间的物种多样性及群落结构差异最大;在酸雨作用下,溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）和产黄杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）的丰度明显升高,而马赛菌属（Massilia）的丰度则显著降低,说明溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）和产黄杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）为耐受酸雨的主要菌属,马赛菌属（Massilia）则为受酸雨影响最大的菌属;细菌属H16的相对丰度与土壤电导率（EC）呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,Lysobacter的相对丰度与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,Arenimonas的相对丰度与土壤总有机碳（SOC）呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.