初论地表粗糙度

粗糙度是流体力学引进的一个重要参数,是现代地球表面各种物质流运动研究中不可或缺的一个重要概念。它在定床流动中曾获得巨大的成功,但在动床及所谓零位移较大的粗糙面上,表现出其局限性。文章在系统阐述了空气动力学意义上粗糙度概念的由来及其物理意义;在总结某些学科领域中粗糙度的应用成果基础上,发现对于定床,地表粗糙具有地表阻力系数特性,它比地表物体群落平均高度小一个量级;而对于动床,粗糙度则更具有阻力系数的特性,它与超出临界摩阻之值成正比;至于植被地表的粗糙度则近似于定床,但它要从零平面位移高度算起。因此,地表粗糙度概念的进一步完善应从地表阻力系数和实验研究入手,并加强自然界和室内实验室的观测和实验以获得相应系数的变化规律,最终解决粗糙度本身和流体力学相关的理论和实践问题。     

Boundary Layer Evolution and its Influence on Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations

Accurate determination of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (i.e., mixing height (MH)) is critical to properly simulating pollutant levels with the grid-based photochemical models. In this study, the daytime mixing heights based on the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods are compared with those obtained directly from a numerical mesoscale meteorological model in an effort to evaluate the uncertainties in the estimation of the PBL evolution. Mixing heights are estimated from hourly outputs of meteorological variables of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3.3 (MM5V3) with two PBL schemes (Blackadar and Gayno-Seaman) during July 1999 over Philadelphia, PA. An analysis of the diurnal variation in the urban PBL and its influence on ground-level ozone (O₃) levels is presented in this paper. The results indicate that on average, the MHs determined from the bulk Richardson number were larger than those estimated from the parcel method. The MHs from the MM5V3 output were much smaller than those derived from the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods, especially for the Gayno-Seaman scheme that is based on turbulent kinetic energy. The MH and ground-level O₃ concentration have been found to be twice as much on episode days than on non-episode days. The average hourly MH growth rate and O₃ tendency (i.e. rate of change in O₃) were largest during the morning hours (0700 to 1000 eastern standard time (EST)), suggesting that vertical mixing contributes significantly to the accumulation of ground-level O₃ in urban areas in the morning hours.     

河谷城市大气环境容量的研究

科学核算大气环境容量,对于合理确定污染物总量控制指标,进而实施大气污染管控措施、治理区域大气污染问题有重要意义.以河谷城市兰州市中心城区为研究区域,利用WRF模式模拟了研究区域的边界层高度及混合层平均风速,并根据地形条件,从污染气象角度给出了扩散单元面积,利用A值法（A为地理区域性总量控制系数）计算兰州市中心城区SO₂、NO_x及VOCs的大气环境容量;同时,将兰州市中心城区2016年SO₂和NO_x的排放总量与SO₂和NO_x的环境容量进行对比,结合区域环境质量监测资料说明大气环境容量设置的合理性.结果表明:①兰州市中心城区的A值具有季节性变化特征,其在春、夏两季较大,在秋、冬两季较小,春、夏两季A值较大的主要原因是边界层高度及边界层内的平均风速较大,而冬季则相反.②兰州市中心城区SO₂、NO_x和VOCs的大气环境容量分别为4.05×104、1.81×104和5.44×104 t/a.③2016年SO₂的实际年排放量（1.62×104 t）未超过大气环境容量限值（4.05×104 t）,尚有余量（2.43×104 t）,这与兰州市2016年4个环境空气质量监测点ρ（SO₂）年均值均达到GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准的现状一致;NO_x的实际年排放量（3.16×104 t）已超过大气环境容量限值（1.81×104 t）,无环境容量（-1.35×104 t）,这与兰州市2016年4个环境空气质量监测点ρ（NO_x）年均值均超过GB 3095-2012二级标准值的现状一致.研究显示,采用A值法计算的兰州市大气环境容量符合区域污染扩散特征.      

石家庄冬季典型污染过程气溶胶激光雷达观测

基于2016年冬季石家庄市微脉冲气溶胶激光雷达观测资料,采用归一化梯度法和梯度法两种方法反演了大气污染边界层高度,并将结果与相同时段探空资料获得的边界层高度进行对比验证,同时选取典型个例对污染边界层高度的过程演变特征进行了分析,探索了不同污染等级下污染边界层结构.结果表明,归一化、梯度法反演结果均与探空位温确定的边界层高度存在一致性,相关系数分别为0.62、0.55,均通过了0.05的显著性检验,但归一化相对误差为19%,梯度法为34%,表明归一化梯度法优于梯度法且其反演结果是可靠的.空气质量优良日,归一化梯度法反演结果准确度降低,与位温确定边界层高度最大偏差约1000m;随着污染程度加重,反演结果与位温确定边界层高度差减小,污染期间,污染边界层高度总体低于1000m,污染最重时段降到400m左右.不同空气质量等级、不同高度气溶胶消光系数垂直递减率具有明显差异,污染天气400m高度垂直递减率最大,表明该层以下为较重污染聚积层,之后随高度升高消光系数明显减小,700m以上为清洁空气.     

三种激光雷达监测污染物分布和输送对比

利用3种不同型号激光雷达在广州番禺大气成分观测站开展外场同步对比观测实验.通过全球地基气溶胶监测网（AERONET）气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品验证了3种激光雷达原始信号反演消光系数的可靠性.同时对比探讨了激光雷达低层反演能见度产品与能见度仪的相关性;对比美国国家环境预报中心全球同化系统模式（NCEP-GDAS）模拟结果讨论了激光雷达对混合层高度反演的有效性.最后利用个例分析揭示不同天气型下污染物可能的外源输送和本地积累.量化分析结果表明：3部激光雷达反演的能见度与能见度仪的相关系数均达到0.7以上,混合层高度均与NCEP-GDAS模式计算的混合层高度具有一定的可比性.与模拟结果相比,白天混合层高度在霾天气时相对较低,更能有效的揭示霾天气,亦可反映夜间间歇性湍流特性.应用分析表明：3部激光雷达均能较为一致的监测污染物的输送和本地的累积.外来输送主要以弱冷空气输送型为例,分析个例（2014年11月21~22日、24~25日）表明：后一过程（24~25日）由于夜间混合层高度（MLH）低,导致上层的粒子无法下传,污染物聚集在0.8km,且快速过境了,而前一过程（21~22日）整层输送,导致了近地层相对高的PM_2.5浓度;本地累积主要以冷高出海型为例（2014年11月25日20：00~27日20：00）,逆温与低的地表通风系数共同造成了前一时段（25日20：00~26日20：00）的消光明显高于后一时段（26日20：00~27日20：00）.     

A CyberGIS Integration and Computation Framework for High‐Resolution Continental‐Scale Flood Inundation Mapping

We present a Digital Elevation Model‐based hydrologic analysis methodology for continental flood inundation mapping (CFIM), implemented as a cyberGIS scientific workflow in which a 1/3rd arc‐second (10 m) height above nearest drainage (HAND) raster data for the conterminous United States (CONUS) was computed and employed for subsequent inundation mapping. A cyberGIS framework was developed to enable spatiotemporal integration and scalable computing of the entire inundation mapping process on a hybrid supercomputing architecture. The first 1/3rd arc‐second CONUS HAND raster dataset was computed in 1.5 days on the cyberGIS Resourcing Open Geospatial Education and Research supercomputer. The inundation mapping process developed in our exploratory study couples HAND with National Water Model forecast data to enable near real‐time inundation forecasts for CONUS. The computational performance of HAND and the inundation mapping process were profiled to gain insights into the computational characteristics in high‐performance parallel computing scenarios. The establishment of the CFIM computational framework has broad and significant research implications that may lead to further development and improvement of flood inundation mapping methodologies.     

柔性拉索单臂架起重机臂架防后倾分析

在我国中、小内河港口，柔性拉索单臂架起重机极易发生臂架后倾事故。采取控制臂架不平衡力矩的方向、限制臂架倾角和起升高度、设置紧接断电开关等措施能有效地防止臂架后倾事故的发生。     

Assessment of risks posed by chemical industries—application of a new computer automated tool -III

The paper describes the application of a new computer automated tool, developed by us, in the risk analysis of a typical chemical industry engaged in the manufacture of linear alkyl benzene. Using the tool—a comprehensive software package height=11 width="72"/> -III (MAXimum CREDible accident analysis)—nine different scenarios, one for each storage unit, have been studied. It is observed that the accident scenario for chlorine (instantaneous release followed by dispersion) leads to the largest area-under-lethal-impact, while the accident scenario for propylene (CVCE followed by fireball) forecasts the most intense damage per unit area. The accidents involving propylene, benzene, and fuel oil have a high possibility of causing domino/secondary accidents as their destructive impacts (shock waves, heat load) would envelope other storage and process units.Besides demonstrating the utilizability of height=11 width="72"/> -III, this study also focuses attention on the need to bestow greater effort towards risk assessment/crisis management. The authors hope that the study will highlight the severity of the risk posed by the industry and thus generate safety consciousness among plant managers. The study may also help in developing accident-prevention strategies and the installation of damage control devices.     

地面L型钻孔在大采高综放工作面瓦斯治理工作中的探索

通过对目前瓦斯治理方法的对比,结合煤层瓦斯赋存与流动理论、回采工作面矿山压力规律及采场覆岩移动规律、采空区“O”型圈等理论,提出利用地面L型钻孔抽采煤层顶板裂隙带瓦斯的方法,用于缓解低位采空区抽采巷抽采负担,消除安全隐患。实践表明:地面L型钻孔使低位采空区抽采巷平均浓度由4.43%降低到3.37%,降低了24%,治理效果明显,该方法能为大采高综放工作面瓦斯治理工作提供新的思路。     

轨道交通施工高处坠落事故预防装置应用分析

在阐述国内外防坠落装置应用现状的基础上,重点分析我国轨道交通防坠落装置应用中存在的主要问题,结合施工实践提出了使用要点,即正确选择和使用安全带、合理布置固定点并经过检测、搭设完整的生命线系统及重视防坠落装置的维护检查,以期通过防坠落装置的科学使用,在确保工作效率的前提下,防范因高处坠落造成的严重伤害。