基于小光斑激光雷达数据的稀疏林地冠层高程重建

探讨在稀疏林地的条件下,利用小光斑激光雷达获取的多次回波点云数据估算冠层高度,研究不同的高度重建方法包括反距离权重、样条插值以及普通克里格等方法的冠层和地面高度重建的精度。研究发现,在地面和林冠层,不同的重建方法的表现是不一样的,其中样条方法在冠层重建中的精度较高,误差绝对值的平均值为0.95m,并且整体偏差也较小,方差为3.42。而在地面高程重建则是普通克里格方法具有较小的误差,误差绝对值的平均值为0.35m,而样条方法的整体偏差要优于其他两种方法,方差为0.48。经过综合考虑,利用样条方法重建的冠层高程和普通克里格方法重建的地面高程实现了实验区冠层高度的提取。     

烟塔合一技术特点和工程数据

剖析了德国烟塔合一技术特点和工程数据.烟塔合一技术可以提高能源效率,简化烟气系统设计,减少烟囱和GGH换热器,可以合并锅炉引风机和脱硫增压风机,降低电厂建设费用,有利于降低发电成本.更为重要的是,烟塔合一技术可提高脱硫后净烟气的抬升高度,有利于降低污染.      

卡拉水电站田三滑坡体失稳机理及涌浪计算

结合雅砻江卡拉水电站田三滑坡体工程地质条件,对滑坡变形及涌浪的影响进行深入分析.在总结国内外滑坡涌浪预警实践经验的基础上,研究滑坡运动的过程,对比分析了速度大小、涌浪过程的变化规律.研究表明,在滑坡涌浪的入水初速度及库水深度一定的前提下,田三滑坡体具有初始涌浪高、爬坡高的特点,特别是在库水水位下降时,更要加强监测和预报...     

印染废水污染物在曝气生物滤池中的沿程去除规律

主要研究了曝气生物滤池（BAF）对印染废水中污染物的沿程去除规律。研究表明：BAF对印染废水污染物的去除沿高程有着不同的变化规律：在BAF总高度为300 cm,填料层高度为200 cm,气水比3∶1,停留时间11.8 h,的情况下, BAF对COD的去除主要集中在<160 cm的填料层部分,在总的去除率为63.1%时,此区域去除率可达56.60%;对NH3N的去除主要集中在填料层100～160 cm段,在总NH₃-N去除率为85.09%时,此区域NH₃-N去除率达38.28%。BAF对浊度的去除主要集中在填料层小于100 cm的部分,在总去除率为94.04%,区域去除率达到61.90%。印染废水经过BAF的前100 cm填料层后,pH值由10降至7.6后基本维持不变。     

格栅类通透性吊顶对水喷淋控火性能影响的实验研究

通过实验研究了格栅类通透性吊顶对水喷淋控火性能的影响,并利用燃料燃尽时间来计算控火有效性因子来量化这种影响.研究结果表明:格栅会降低水喷淋控火性能,与格栅类吊顶形式、喷头安装高度和工作压力流量有关.在确定的吊顶形式和尺寸下,存在着对控火性能影响最大的喷头安装高度.在实际工程应用中应根据具体格栅特性,合理设计喷头安装高度,以降低格栅的不利影响,保证水喷淋的控火有效性.     

The evolution of flame length for the oil tank fire with different top cover widths and lip heights

This study presents a quantitative analysis and interpretation of the variation in oil tank fire flame lengths for different oil tank sizes, top cover widths, and horizontal air flow velocities. The experimental results show that, at first, the flame length rises slowly with an increase in air flow speed. Then, once over a critical speed (0.6 m/s), the flame length decreases significantly with a further increase in air flow speed. Based on the characteristic length, a new dimensionless heat release rate is obtained, allowing the correlation between flame length, air flow speed, and dimensionless heat release rate to be calculated, which can be used to predict the flame length of an oil tank fire under different air flow speeds, lip heights, and cover widths.     

冬季烟塔合一烟气排放特性及其改善措施研究

针对烟塔合一冷却塔(Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower,NDDCT)在冬季关闭冷却塔百叶窗时存在烟气排放困难的现象,以及导致冷却塔内污染物浓度大幅升高、进而增加冷却塔内壁腐蚀风险的问题,提出了增加烟囱高度的改善措施,并开展了风洞试验。基于计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)方法建立了烟塔合一数值模型以获得冷却塔内部流场和污染物浓度场的分布特性,模拟对比了春季工况和冬季工况条件下烟塔合一冷却塔内部及出口位置的流场和烟气扩散特性。结果表明,由于百叶窗关闭导致冷却塔的通气量和换热量大幅度下降,冷却塔内部的流场变得杂乱无章,污染物质量分数大大增加。与春季相比,冬季冷却塔内壁污染物最大质量分数增加了1.5倍。随烟囱高度增加,烟气可以凭借其初始动能抵御冷却塔内的湍流冲出塔外,冷却塔内部的烟气扩散情况逐渐改善。定性风洞试验结果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,验证了该方法的可行性。虽然增加烟囱高度会增加施工初期的投资,但该方案能有效降低冷却塔的腐蚀风险,不但节省了后期防腐的投资,而且降低了安全风险。从长远来看,该措施利大于弊。     

Relating meteorological variables and trends in motor vehicle emissions to monthly urban carbon monoxide concentrations

A model which quantifies the relationship between the monthly time series for CO emissions, the monthly time series in ambient CO concentration, and meteorologically driven dispersion was developed. Fifteen cities representing a wide range of geographical and climatic conditions were selected. An eight-year time series (1984–1991 inclusive) of monthly averaged data were examined in each city. A new method of handling missing ambient concentration values which is designed to calculate city-wide average concentrations that follow the trend seen at individual monitor sites is presented. This method is general and can be used in other applications involving missing data. The model uses emissions estimates along with two meteorological variables (wind speed and mixing height) to estimate monthly averages of ambient air pollution concentrations. The model is shown to have a wide range of applicability; it works equally well for a wide range of cities that have very different temporal CO distributions. The model is suited for assessing long-term trends in ambient air pollutants and can also be used for estimating seasonal variations in concentration, estimation of trends in emissions, and for filling in gaps in the ambient concentration record.     

三江平原典型小叶章种群地上生物量的空间结构分形特征

2005年5月至10月,应用分形几何学的原理和方法对三江平原典型小叶章种群地上生物量与株高的空间结构分形关系进行了研究。结果表明,典型草甸小叶章和沼泽化草甸小叶章的地上生物量与株高存在良好的静态分形关系,其分形维数(D)是对地上生物量在各器官中积累规律的表征;二者地上生物量与株高的对数值线性相关,相关系数分别介于0.579～0.919和0.655～0.914之间(P<0.01,D值介于1.778～3.414和2.238～3.924之间,各时期地上生物量均以株高的幂函数形式积累;二者地上生物量与株高静态分形关系D值的季节动态基本一致,其变化均符合抛物线模型(P<0.05),而局部波动又与地上生物量的变化有关;生长季内,二者地上生物量与株高动态分形关系的D值分别为2.749和2.738,说明地上生物量的积累具有自相似性,符合幂函数增长的分形生长过程。研究还表明,仅用D值来刻画不同植物地上生物量的空间积累与展布存在一定的局限性,它只能用于测度和描述一种植物体生物量的空间积累及其对空间的占据,而一般不能用于植物间相应指标的类比;导致不同植物D值差异的原因可能与植物生长所处生境、外在因素以及模型参数(C)有关。     

Meadow management and occurrence of corncrake Crex crex

The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of corncrakes in two Swedish meadow sites managed by mowing and grazing, but also with abandoned meadows. Most corncrakes (58%) on meadows were found in unmanaged areas without subsidies to the farmers (i.e. areas with tall vegetation). Several corncrakes (62%) were found in restored areas, managed for less than 10 of the last 40 years, fewer (38%) in areas under continuous management. Vegetation height was negatively associated with number of years of management the last 40 years, and the continuously managed areas were avoided by corncrakes. Sites where corncrake territories occur regularly should be managed to maintain tall vegetation suitable for the species, which requires increased use of mowing. However, the results from our study also suggest that yearly mowing might result in a vegetation structure that is avoided by corncrakes. To achieve a balance between tall grassy vegetation and prevention of succession to scrub a possible management regime would therefore be mowing at intervals of a few years.