Production of soybean ethanol-based biodiesel using CaO heterogeneous catalysts promoted by Zn,K and Mg

This article focuses on the optimization of the production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil using CaO-based heterogeneous catalysts. Three different catalytic promoters were evaluated: Magnesium, zinc, and potassium. The reaction has evaluated the promoter content (promoter to calcium molar ratio), catalyst load, alcohol to oil molar ratio, and temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the influence of each variable on the yield of biodiesel. The addition of K₂O or MgO in the catalyst has enhanced the yield in fatty acid ethyl esters, while the use of ZnO as a promoter was not successful.     

磁性Fe_3O_4/石墨烯纳米复合材料催化降解水中17β-雌二醇

利用化学沉淀法制备磁性四氧化三铁/石墨烯(Fe3O4/GE)纳米复合材料,并将其与H2O2构成非均相Fenton体系用于催化降解水中微量的17β-雌二醇(E2),研究了初始p H值,初始H2O2浓度,催化剂用量对E2降解的影响。结果表明,Fe3O4/GE纳米复合材料在无需外加光源的条件下能够有效催化降解E2。在p H 7.0,E2初始浓度为1 mg/L,初始H2O2浓度为15 mmol/L,Fe3O4/GE投加量为15 mg/L的条件下,反应8 h后可去除92.9%的E2。Fe3O4/GE具有便捷的磁分离特性和稳定的催化活性,经过7次循环使用后对E2的降解效率仍保持在91.5%左右。     

聚合氯化铝-腐殖酸(PACl-HA)絮体的物理与分形特征研究

采用低温急速冷冻-真空干燥技术制备了PACl-HA絮体的粉末样品,研究了这些样品的物理与分形特征.结果表明,PACl-HA絮体具有无定形结构,主要组成元素为C、O、Al,所含特征官能团保留了絮体组成原料的一些特征;絮体的BET比表面积为130～161 m²·g^-1,BJH累积吸附孔体积为0.38～0.52 cm³·g^-1,BJH脱附平均孔径为7.7～9.6nm,PSD峰值对应孔径8.4～11.2nm.PACl-HA絮体具有自相似性的粗糙表面,呈现多尺度分形特征;图象法和N₂吸附/脱附等温线法确定的表面分形维数Ds分别为2.03～2.26、2.24～2.37,前者的分形尺度大约处于23～390nm之间,主要属于絮体外表面尺度,而后者的分形特征尺度区间的下限大约为0.2nm,属于孔表面尺度;另外,对同一絮体,N₂吸附法和脱附法确定的孔表面分形维数不同.热力学模型计算出的D_s远大于3,与Sahouli等的研究不符.     

Characteristics of sewage sludge and distribution of heavy metal in plants with amendment of sewage sludge

In order to better understand land application of sewage sludge, the characterization of heavy metals and organic pollutants were investigated in three different sewage sludges in Shanghai City, China. It was found that the total concentrations of Cd in all of sewage sludge and total concentrations of Zn in Jinshan sewage sludge, as well as those ofZn, Cu, and Ni in Taopu sludge are higher than Chinese regulation limit of pollutants for sludge to be used in agriculture. Leachability of rig in all of studied samples and that of Cd in Taopu sewage sludge exceed the limit values of waste solid extraction standard in China legislation. Based on the characteristics for three kinds of sewage sludge, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil amended with Quyang sewage sludge on the accumulation of heavy metalo.by Begonia semperfloreas-hybr; Ophiopogon japonicas （L.F.） Ker-Gaw; Loropetalum chindense-var, rubrum; Dendranthema morifolium; Viola tricolor; A ntirrhinum majas; Buxas radicans Sieb; Viburnum macrocephalum; Osmanthas fragrans Lour; Cinnamomum camphora siebold and Ligustrum lucidum ait. Results showed that 8 species of plant survived in the amended soil, and moreover they flourished as well as those cultivated in the control soil. The heavy metal concentration in plants varied with species, As, Pb, Cd and Cr concentration being the highest in the four herbaceous species studied, particularly in the roots of D. morifolium. These plants, however, did not show accumulator of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest concentration of Ni and Hg was found in the roots ofD. morifolium, followed by the leaves ofB. semperflorens-hybr. Levels of Zn and Cu were much higher in D. morifolium than in the other plant species. D. morifolium accumulated Ni, Hg, Cu and Zn, which may contribute to the decrease of heavy metal contents in the amended soil. Treatment with sewage sludge did not significantly affect the uptake of heavy metals by the L. chindense-var, rubrum, however, it significantly affected the uptake of heavy metals by D. morifolium.     

煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体层裂演化特征实验研究

为了探究煤与瓦斯突出过程中煤体层裂演化特征,利用自主研制的煤与瓦斯突出实验模拟系统,研究突出过程中煤体层裂结构特征、煤体裂隙厚度演化特征和煤体质点运动演化特征。研究结果表明：在轴向应力0.9 MPa、瓦斯压力0.4 MPa时,煤体层裂发展时间持续85 ms,煤体共计出现11处裂隙。层裂从煤体后方的弱构面出现并向前方发展,其位置大多集中于突出腔体中后部,煤体层裂形式均为纵向贯通,在第9处出现最大纵向断裂裂隙。煤体裂隙总厚度约为75.6 mm、单处裂隙平均厚度约为8.4 mm,二者均呈现随时间递增的趋势。层裂过程中煤体单处裂隙厚度并不都是沿程递增的,部分煤体中部裂隙厚度呈现先增大后减小的特征。煤体的运动表现为靠近突出口端的运动速度更快、运动距离也更长。研究结果可为揭示煤与瓦斯突出层裂机制提供参考。     

变压器油池火燃烧规律的实验研究*

为对变压器油池火灾进行准确有效的灭火,研究不同尺寸和不同厚度下变压器油的火灾动力学特征和基本燃烧特性,具体分析变压器油的燃烧过程和变压器油燃烧速率、火焰温度以及辐射热流随油池直径以及厚度的变化规律。结果表明:整个油品的燃烧过程分为预热燃烧阶段、稳定燃烧阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。对于厚度大于10 mm的油池燃烧,稳定阶段的燃烧速率与油层厚度无关,稳定阶段的燃烧速率随着油池直径的增加而增加。同时,变压器油火灾连续火焰区温度接近750 ℃。对于稳定燃烧阶段下的变压器油燃烧,基于辐射通量可得出在燃烧过程中,辐射热量占总燃烧热的占比约为1/3。研究结果可丰富变压器油燃烧的基础数据,为变压器火灾的灭火提供参考。     

肥煤自燃全过程热动力学特征参数研究

实验测定了林西矿肥煤样品30~900℃煤自燃全过程热动力学特征参数,得出:TG/DTG曲线显示煤样DTG初始临界温度45℃,干裂温度122℃,活性温度195℃,增速温度265℃,质量极大值温度342℃,着火温度465℃,最大热失重速率温度515℃和燃尽温度690℃;DSC曲线显示,煤样初始放热温度60℃、最大热释放速率温度511℃。结合TG-DTG-DSC曲线综合分析可知,煤温达到510℃左右时煤样反应最剧烈。由煤自燃标志气体测定实验系统得出:煤温130℃后CO,CO 2释放量迅速增加,210℃增加速度下降;CH 4,C 2 H 6含量变化具有规律性且两者变化相近;C 2 H 4出现温度为130℃;C 2 H 4/C 2 H 6比值在190~350℃有较强的规律性,呈上升趋势且上升速度较快;350℃之后,CH 4,C 2 H 6,C 2 H 4体积分数均开始急剧增大;C 2 H 4/CO与C 2 H 4/CO 2变化趋势大致相同,在130~350℃时缓慢增长,达到350℃后比值呈指数形式上升。经拟合曲线,得到活化能的3个突变点温度:70,180,220℃,其中180℃与交叉点温度相吻合。通过以上研究,得到了肥煤自燃全过程的热力学特征参数,为实际生产中防治煤自燃提供了理论依据。     

基于非线性技术锅炉故障分析*

为预测和判断锅炉故障的发生,完善锅炉故障检测技术,基于锅炉运转具有非线性特点,提出将非线性评价指标应用于锅炉故障诊断。研究特征信号的非线性特性,通过确定延迟时间和嵌入维数来重构相空间;采用混沌分形理论研究非线性评价指标;提取最大Lyapunov指数和关联维数,并为收集的每种特征信号选择最合适的非线性指标。结果表明:蒸汽压力的非线性特征指标应选择关联维数,烟气温度1、烟气温度2、水管温度1和水管温度2的非线性特征指标应当选择最大Lyapunov指数。     

汽车用聚合物材料火灾燃烧特性研究

为研究车用聚合物材料的燃烧特性,并对材料的火灾危险性进行全方位的评估,采用锥形量热仪,对汽车上常用的ABS,PP-PVC,PVC革-无纺毡以及无纺布-PVC聚合物材料进行分析表征,测得点燃时间、热释放速率、总热释放量、质量损失速率、烟气生成速率等参数。结果表明:ABS材料的点燃危险性相对最低,PVC革-无纺毡材料相对最高;随热辐射强度的增加,各样品的热释放速率和烟气生成速率明显加快;结合热释放速率峰值、均值和总热释放量可知,无纺布-PVC材料的热危险性相对最低;结合烟气生成速率和总烟释放量可知,ABS材料的发烟危害性相对最高,无纺布-PVC的相对最低;综合比较各样品的FGI和FPI值,安全等级由高到低依次为ABS,PP-PVC,PVC革-无纺毡,无纺布-PVC。     

缝洞型管道瓦斯爆炸特性数值模拟研究

为探究采空区遗煤、松散破碎岩块对瓦斯爆炸的影响,建立缝洞型管道模型,采用数值模拟与理论分析结合方法研究采空区内缝洞型管道内瓦斯爆炸的传播规律及管道长径比对瓦斯爆炸过程中速度与冲击波的影响。研究结果表明:在缝洞型结构内,随着火焰沿管道向前传播,各监测点速度逐渐变大、压力先增加后降低,而压力上升速率则表现出不规则的变化;缝洞结构加剧了火焰燃烧的剧烈程度,提高了管道内各监测点的温度峰值;在缝洞型管道内随长径比r增加,各监测点最大压力峰值以及速度大小依次降低。