处理垃圾渗滤液好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其脱氮特性

以垃圾渗滤液为试验用水,通过不断增加氨氮负荷(初始氨氮质量浓度从100 mg/L逐渐增加到180 mg/L)、并且适当投加外碳源的策略,在20 d内形成了好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为0.17 ～ 0.20 mm,到第109 d,好氧颗粒污泥粒径达到0.65 ～ 2.10 mm.在培养过程中由于氨氮质量浓度较高,水中游离氨(Free Ammonia,FA)抑制了亚硝酸氧化细菌(Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria,NOB)的活性,形成了短程硝化,并在第20～50d、第89～ 109 d发生了同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SN D),其中第89～109 d较为明显,在反应器内部C/N比为3.1～3.9情况下,总氮去除率稳定在70％左右.SEM显示好氧颗粒污泥存在大量孔隙,有利于底物输送.对培养过程中第1d、34 d、54 d、79 d、109 d的荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization,FISH)结果进行统计分析,发现氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)分别占总菌量的2.37％、5.54％、7.26％、16.32％、22.33％.冰冻切片FISH结果表明,AOB主要聚集在好氧颗粒污泥的最外层,有利于AOB利用并消耗液相主体中的溶解氧,同时在好氧颗粒污泥内部形成缺氧区,有利于内部实现反硝化.好氧颗粒污泥的粒径越大,内部缺氧区越大,越有利于实现SND.通过对胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymer Substances,EPS)染色,发现好氧颗粒内部β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的空间分布为外层较多,并随着颗粒孔隙向内延伸,在次外层与内层不均匀分布,这很好地解释了好氧颗粒污泥反应器在好氧的运行方式下,发生SND的途径及碳源的可能来源.研究表明,利用好氧颗粒污泥处理垃圾渗滤液具有较高的氨氮去除率(97％以上),好氧颗粒污泥的形态及结构有利于AOB的富集,同时在其内部储存了碳源,有利于SND的发生.     

自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物对活性污泥絮凝特性的影响

为探讨自养菌和异养菌胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的差异及其对活性污泥表面及絮凝特性的影响,研究了有机负荷为0、0.30和0.74 kg·kg-1·d-1时,污泥松散附着胞外聚合物(loosely bound EPS,LB-EPS)和紧密粘附胞外聚合物(tightly bound EPS,TBEPS)的组分含量、形态、表面特性以及絮凝性能的差异,并就LB-EPS与TB-EPS对污泥絮凝特性影响的作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,有机负荷越高,多糖含量越高,EPS总量及蛋白质含量越低.由三维荧光光谱测定结果可知,类富里酸物质为异养菌而非自养菌的代谢产物,且有机负荷越高,TB-EPS中的类富里酸荧光峰强度越大.自养和异养污泥的絮凝机理不同,自养活性污泥通过自养菌菌体自身生物絮凝作用形成密实的污泥絮体,LB-EPS与TB-EPS对其絮体形态、表面及絮凝特性影响较小;异养活性污泥絮体形态在TB-EPS提取后发生明显改变,TB-EPS在异养活性污泥絮体聚集时发挥着主要作用.包裹着LB-EPS的污泥表面负电荷多且疏水性差,不利于异养污泥生物絮凝.有机负荷越高,污泥表面Zeta电位负电性越强,相对疏水性(relative hydrophobity,RH)越小,污泥稳定性越差.     

Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated. During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO₃-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m²·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24 (mg/L)^1/2/min, respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845, 5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m² at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm³ at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

BIOFOR处理混装制剂类制药废水工程实例

介绍了BIOFOR反应器在江西某医药集团混装制剂废水处理中的工程应用。采用自然挂膜和接种挂膜相结合的方式快速启动BIOFOR池。BIOFOR池处理混装制剂废水具有良好的效果、较高的耐冲击负荷能力、运行稳定。COD平均去除率达72.45%,NH3-N平均去除率达56.8%。BIOFOR池出水可稳定达GB 21908—2008《混装制剂类制药工业水污染物排放标准》。BIOFOR池处理混装制剂废水的最佳运行气水比为5∶1。反冲洗宜采用水气联合反冲洗。     

型煤自适应脱硫脱硝特性的实验研究

为了减少民用炉灶和小型工业锅炉燃烧污染,开发了一种自适应脱硫脱硝的型煤,主要由煤、造纸黑液和脱硫脱硝剂混合压制而成,研究该型煤的燃烧过程自适应脱硫脱硝作用。结果表明,造纸黑液可提高型煤的燃烧性能,添加质量分数为20%的造纸黑液,型煤燃尽时间可以缩短25%。同时,造纸黑液还可以脱硫脱硝。当造纸黑液质量分数为10%时,其脱硝效率达到40%,脱硫效率为24%。     

水泥窑烟气SNCR脱硝技术喷枪的设计及应用

对脱硝技术喷枪进行了结构设计和试验分析,结果表明,该结构喷枪能够使还原剂的雾化颗粒平均直径在50μm,均匀度在85%以上,雾态氨水喷射可视距离在4 m以上;枪体采用的0Cr18Ni9耐热不锈钢能够抵抗喷枪在分解炉内的高温变形。在日产5 kt的冀东某新型干法水泥生产线烟气SNCR脱硝项目中得到了应用,脱硝效率达70%以上。     

Two‐Stage Ditch Floodplains Enhance N‐Removal Capacity and Reduce Turbidity and Dissolved P in Agricultural Streams

Two‐stage ditches represent an emerging management strategy in artificially drained agricultural landscapes that mimics natural floodplains and has the potential to improve water quality. We assessed the potential for the two‐stage ditch to reduce sediment and nutrient export by measuring water column turbidity, nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations, and denitrification rates. During 2009‐2010, we compared reaches with two‐stage floodplains to upstream reaches with conventional trapezoid design in six agricultural streams. At base flow, these short two‐stage reaches (<600 m) reduced SRP concentrations by 3‐53%, but did not significantly reduce NO₃^? concentrations due to very high NO₃^? loads. The two‐stage also decreased turbidity by 15‐82%, suggesting reduced suspended sediment export during floodplain inundation. Reach‐scale N‐removal increased 3‐24 fold during inundation due to increased bioreactive surface area with high floodplain denitrification rates. Inundation frequency varied with bench height, with lower benches being flooded more frequently, resulting in higher annual N‐removal. We also found both soil organic matter and denitrification rates were higher on older floodplains. Finally, influence of the two‐stage varied among streams and years due to variation in stream discharge, nutrient loads, and denitrification rates, which should be considered during implementation to optimize potential water quality benefits.     

太阳能光伏废水处理设施脱氮功能优化实例

某太阳能光伏企业的生产废水约4000 m³/d,废水中的主要污染物是少量的氟离子和大量硝态氮,原废水工艺中缺少去除硝态氮的功能。在原废水处理设施基础上,将生化处理工艺优化为“A/O反硝化”工艺,增加碳源投加设备。工程实践表明,工艺优化后,硝态氮得以有效去除,TN去除率达到95%,出水水质达到《电池工业污染物排放标准》(GB30484—2013)表2的间接标准。     

模拟酸雨对次生林土壤呼吸及异养呼吸的影响

为研究模拟酸雨对次生林土壤呼吸及异养呼吸的影响,进行野外定位试验.设置裂区试验,分4个区组,每个区组中主区为不断根和挖沟断根小区,每个主区内设置对照(CK)、pH 4.0(A1)、pH 3.0(A2)、pH 2.0(A3)共4个模拟酸雨处理水平.观测不断根小区的土壤呼吸和断根小区的异养呼吸,同时观测土壤温度、土壤湿度.结果表明,在不断根小区,CK、A1、A2、A3处理的土壤呼吸均表现出明显的季节变异趋势;与不断根小区类似,断根小区的异养呼吸也具有明显的季节变异趋势.断根小区的异养呼吸明显低于不断根小区的土壤呼吸.CK、A1、A2、A3处理的年平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(2.47±0.31)、(2.52±0.22)、(2.38±0.17)、(2.43±0.22)μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);断根小区CK、A1、A2、A3处理的年平均异养呼吸速率分别为(1.55±0.10)、(1.65±0.22)、(1.77±0.08)、(1.78±0.27)μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).单因素方差分析表明,不断根小区不同模拟酸雨处理之间的土壤呼吸速率以及断根小区不同模拟酸雨处理的异养呼吸速率均无显著差异.回归分析表明,不断根小区的土壤呼吸与断根小区的异养呼吸之间存在极显著(P0.001)的正比例函数关系,模拟酸雨的添加降低了土壤呼吸与异养呼吸之比.土壤温度是决定不断根小区土壤呼吸和断根小区异养呼吸季节变异的最主要的因素,而土壤湿度对土壤呼吸和异养呼吸的季节变异无显著的影响.     

反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的工艺特性

本实验通过建立一套两级串联UASB反应器研究油田集输系统及高含盐量废水中反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的工艺处理特性,并在工艺稳定运行后对形成的颗粒污泥性状及微生物特性进行研究.结果表明,添加Na NO2可促使反应体系中反硝化细菌(denitrifying bacteria,DNB)数量由7.0×103CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)增加至7.3×105CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)并保持稳定,DNB对硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)的竞争抑制作用导致SRB数量由8.0×105CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)减少,稳定至7.6×104CFU·(100 m L)~(-1),同时,硫酸盐还原过程被抑制,硫离子的抑制率不断增加,最终稳定至82%.生物量与亚硝酸盐的质量比为1 200时,反应体系对S2-的抑制率最高,达到92%,可实现较好的硫酸盐还原过程抑制效果;该工艺对其抑制率可保持在92%左右,具有较好的稳定性.形成的反硝化颗粒污泥为棕褐色,基本为椭球形和球形,表面光滑且密实.反硝化抑制前,颗粒污泥的粒径多分布于1.0~1.4 mm,平均粒径为1.17 mm,经反硝化抑制后,粒径多分布在1.2~1.6 mm,平均粒径为1.21 mm,反硝化抑制过程促进污泥粒径的小幅增加;形成的反硝化颗粒污泥平均沉速为47.6 m·h~(-1),沉降性能较好.PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,反硝化抑制作用使微生物菌种由18种减少至14种,优势菌种由4种减至3种,多样性降低,反硝化抑制前后微生物种群相似性为62.6%,种群结构发生较大改变,优势菌群由SRB演变为DNB,SRB优势菌种由4种减至2种,同种菌的丰度明显降低;反硝化抑制过程的主要功能菌为Uncultured Sulfurimonas sp.,是一种自养型反硝化细菌,与SRB抢夺电子并占优势,抑制硫酸盐还原过程及SRB生长繁殖,从而抑制硫化物的产生.