污水处理系统中硝化菌的菌群结构和动态变化

研究分析了4种不同工艺类型的城市污水处理厂中氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)的丰度及菌群结构.实时定量PCR结果表明4种工艺中AOB菌群的丰度范围为8.56×106~4.46×107cells/gMLSS;NOB菌群的丰度为3.37×108~1.53×109cells/gMLSS.每个工艺中Nitrospira都是优势NOB,占NOB菌群的88% 以上. A2O工艺冬季AOB和Nitrospira丰度比夏季均有所降低,这是导致冬季生物脱氮效果变差的主要原因.基于 amoA基因的系统发育分析结果显示所有的序列属于Nitrosomonas,其中Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster 占克隆文库的60.1%,是AOB 种群中的优势菌属,Nitrosomonas-like cluster和 Nitrosomonas europaea cluster次之,分别占克隆文库的29.6%和9.1%.N. europaea cluster只在A2O工艺中出现,且在A2O工艺夏季污泥样品克隆文库中达到44.7%.低DO运行使N. europaea cluster成为优势AOB是A2O工艺夏季出现较高亚硝酸盐积累率的主要原因.研究结果证实了城市污水处理厂中优势AOB和NOB分别为Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira,硝化菌群占总菌群的1%~7%,其丰度、相对含量和菌群结构是影响硝化效果的主要因素.     

Abatement of sulfide generation in sewage by glutaraldehyde supplementation and the impact on the activated sludge accordingly

Hydrogen sulfide emission in sewer systems is associated with toxicity, corrosion, odour nuisance and high costs treatment. In this study, a novel method to inhibit sulfide generation from sewage by means of glutaraldehyde supplementation has been suggested and evaluated under anaerobic conditions. Different concentrations of glutaraldehyde at 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 mg·L^-1 have been investigated. Besides, the possible impacts of glutaraldehyde supplementation on an activated sludge system and an appraisal of the economic aspects are presented as well. As observed from the experimental results, a dosage of 20 mg·L^-1 glutaraldehyde resulted in a significant decrease of the sulfide production by 70%–80% in the simulated sewage. Moreover, the impacts of additional glutaraldehyde at 20 mg·L^-1 on activated sludge, in terms of chemical oxygen demand removal and oxygen uptake rates, were negligible. From an economical point of view, the cost of the commercial glutaraldehyde products required in the operation, which was calculated on the basis of activated sulfide removal avoidance, was around €3.7–4.6 S·kg^-1. Therefore it is suggested that glutaraldehyde supplementation is a feasible technique to abate the sulfide problems in sewer systems. Yet further research is required to elucidate the optimum “booster” dosage and the dosing frequency in situ accordingly.     

准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的脱氮菌群研究

为探明准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理,采用最大或然数计数法以及一系列的生化试验和镜检照片,研究了床层不同高度脱氮菌的数量和菌群结构.结果表明:床内亚硝化菌、硝化菌、厌氧反硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌的平均数量分别为5.3×106,7.5×106,6.9×103和2.5×105 g-1,亚硝化菌、硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的表层和底部,厌氧反硝化菌主要富集于反应床的中部;从床内共分离出3株亚硝化菌,6株硝化菌,5株厌氧反硝化菌和6株好氧反硝化菌.准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的生物脱氮机理为同步硝化反硝化,主要发生在反应床的表层和底部.      

一株香蒲根际土壤脱氮菌株的脱氮特性及鉴定

从南四湖人工湿地植物香蒲根际土壤中分离得到一株反硝化XP1菌株,对其生态影响因子、反硝化能力、生长曲线进行了研究,并在实验室条件下利用菌株XP1反植于湿地植物香蒲根际土壤,考察对香蒲的强化脱氮作用.结果表明,XP1菌株反硝化作用的最佳碳源为柠檬酸钠;在pH值为7.0~9.0范围内有良好的脱氮效果,最佳pH值为8.0;最佳碳源与氮源比为7;最佳初始氮浓度为30mg/L.XP1菌株8h后进入指数增长期,最终总氮去除率可达90%以上.用该菌株强化香蒲脱氮,对于强化湿地脱氮工艺中亚硝酸盐的去除起主要作用,在相同条件下总氮去除率由46%提高到90%以上,强化脱氮作用明显,有良好的实际应用前景.通过形态观察,XP1菌株为短杆状革兰氏阴性菌,大小约(0.25~0.3)′(0.6~0.8)mm;经16S rRNA基因测序、系统发育树分析,XP1菌株为类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp.).     

硫酸盐对医药化工废水厌氧系统运行稳定性的影响

以获得硫酸盐还原能力的厌氧装置为研究对象,研究进水中不同硫酸盐浓度对厌氧反应器的运行效果的影响。试验结果表明:硫酸盐添加量为300 mg/L时,厌氧反应器出水COD浓度最低,COD去除率为76.1%,同时厌氧反应器出水中VFA的浓度最低;在硫酸盐添加量为400 mg/L时,此条件下获得产甲烷量最高,达240~260 mL/g;出水硫化氢浓度则随着硫酸盐添加量的增加而增加。在500 m3的UASB反应器内进行连续厌氧处理试验,结果表明添加硫酸盐后厌氧反应器的运行情况稳定。     

黑臭水净化菌株的筛选及其水质改善能力

生活污水的过度排放引起的水体黑臭是一个亟待解决的环境问题.为建立黑臭水的微生物净化方法,从不同重污染水体或底泥中筛选获得了多种光合细菌,分析发现其中10种光合细菌(P1～P10)及其混合菌(Pm)对黑臭指标有改善效果.黑臭水厌氧光照净化试验结果表明,菌液投加量为1.0%,3 d后光合细菌P1,P2,P3,P4,P8,P9和Pm对人工黑臭水COD_Cr,NH₃-N,S2-,色阈值及臭阈值去除率分别为75.00%～ 82.00%,24.20%～27.97%,72.03%～87.89%,58.90%～69.08%和75.29%～87.89%,其中P9的效果最好.黑臭水兼性厌氧光照净化试验结果表明,菌液投加量为1.0%,3 d后光合细菌P2,P3,P4,P8,P9和Pm对人工黑臭水中的COD_Cr,NH₃-N,S2-,色阈值及臭阈值去除率分别为60.67%～79.92%,35.92%～40.16%,72.03%～82.93%,58.25%～66.55%和75.29%～85.09%,　ρ(DO)由0.54 mg/L增至1.80～2.63 mg/L,其中P2和P9的效果最好.经鉴定P9为沼泽红假单胞菌.研究发现,在菌液投加量为0.1%,30 ℃,厌氧光照条件下P9可明显改善水的黑臭指标.      

耐低温混菌降解苯系物的特性及菌种鉴定研究

以吉化双苯厂被硝基苯、苯系物（BTEX）污染的土壤为菌源,经过筛选驯化得到一组在低温条件（10℃）下可降解苯系物（BTEX）的混菌。室内研究表明,在10℃,pH=6.8,苯系物（BTEX）总质量浓度200mg·L^-1的条件下,84h后该菌对苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的降解率依次为93.2%、95.6%、91%、88.4%、对6种质量浓度的苯系物（BTEX）污染物中最难降解的苯进行降解动力学曲线模拟,当苯质量浓度小于17.48mg·L-1时,降解符合一级降解动力学,当苯的质量浓度为17.48～195.30mg·L^-1时,降解符合零级降解动力学、该混菌降解效果稳定、适应环境能力强,经80次传代后仍能保持良好的降解效果,且在6个不同地区含有不同背景组成的地下水中降解效果稳定、应用Biolog细菌自动鉴定系统和16SrDNA序列分析方法对降解率较高的3株菌B2、B4、B6作菌种鉴定,B2为嗜麦芽糖寡养单胞菌（Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）,B4为斑生假单胞菌（Pseudomonas maculicola）,B6为多刺假单胞菌（Pseudomonas spinosa）。     

Film mulching reduces antibiotic resistance genes in the phyllosphere of lettuce

Phyllosphere is an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), but the transfer mechanism of ARGs from soil and air to phyllosphere remains unclear. This study demonstrated that soil-air-phyllosphere was the dominant ARG transfer pathway, and blocking it by film mulching can reduce typical phyllosphere ARGs in lettuce by 80.7%-98.7%(89.5% on average). To further eliminate phyllosphere ARGs in lettuce grown with film mulching, the internal soil-endosphere-phyllosphere transfer pathw...     

光合细菌光合产氢机理研究进展

Hydrogen production by photosynthetic bacteria has recently received renewed attention because of the global－warming problem.This paper presents a review on the basic process of hydrogen photoproduction and the actions of nitrogenase and hydrogenase in this process.The primary factors affecting the hydrogen production are also presented.The recent researches on efficiency of energy conversion are summarized.