PCR-DGGE技术用于处理苯乙烯废气的生物滴滤塔中微生物优势菌种解析

采用生物滴滤塔能够有效去除含苯乙烯恶臭气体,塔内微生物中含有大量的球菌和杆状菌。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究处理苯乙烯恶臭气体的生物滴滤塔填料表面的微生物,结果表明,去除苯乙烯生物滴滤塔中有5种菌为降解苯乙烯的优势菌种;通过16S rDNA基因扩增测序同源性比对,结果显示嗜甲基杆菌属(methylophilus)丰度为50.5%,2种变形菌属(alpha proteobacterium、delta proteobacterium)相对丰度分别为16.9%和11.6%。     

生物沸石球强化吸附氨氮废水的动力学研究

用一种具有多孔结构特征的沸石球作为载体固定化硝化细菌强化吸附氨氮废水。结果表明,沸石球能快速固定化硝化细菌,吸附动力学表明150 min对氨氮吸附容量达到2.816 mg/g,而且还有继续增加的趋势。假二级动力学方程和Elovich模型的精确拟合说明,生物沸石球对氨氮的吸附过程可能是非均相扩散起作用及以化学吸附反应为主的复杂转化过程。扩散拟合结果表明,氨氮在生物沸石球的吸附是以液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散为吸附速率的控制步骤,活性的硝化细菌对氨氮的硝化使氨氮在微孔的吸附得到了强化。     

Molecular approaches to microbiological monitoring: fecal source detection

Molecular methods are useful both to monitor natural communities of bacteria, and to track specific bacterial markers in complex environments. Length-heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rDNAs discriminate among 16S rRNA genes based on length polymorphisms of their PCR products. With these methods, we developed an alternative indicator that distinguishes the source of fecal pollution in water. We amplify 16S rRNA gene fragments from the fecal anaerobic genus Bacteroides with specific primers. Because Bacteroides normally resides in gut habitats, its presence in water indicates fecal pollution. Molecular detection circumvents the complexities of growing anaerobic bacteria. We identified Bacteroides LH-PCR and T-RFLP ribosomal DNA markers unique to either ruminant or human feces. The same unique fecal markers were recovered from polluted natural waters. We cloned and sequenced the unique markers; marker sequences were used to design specific PCR primers that reliably distinguish human from ruminant sources of fecal contamination. Primers for more species are under development. This approach is more sensitive than fecal coliform assays, is comparable in complexity to standard food safety and public health diagnostic tests, and lends itself to automation and high-throughput. Thus molecular genetic markers for fecal anaerobic bacteria hold promise for monitoring bacterial pollution and water quality.     

缺氧反应时间对反硝化除磷系统脱氮除磷效果的影响

反硝化除磷工艺具有节省碳源、曝气量以及污泥产量低等优点,因而在处理城市生活污水中具有显著优势。反硝化除磷效能主要在缺氧阶段完成。缺氧时间直接影响系统的脱氮除磷效率。本实验以SBR反应器在厌氧/缺氧/好氧条件下富含的反硝化聚磷菌(DPAOs)为研究对象,通过调节不同的缺氧反应时间(150 min,210 min和270 min),考察缺氧反应时间冲击对下一周期代谢的影响和长期对整个反硝化除磷系统的影响。冲击实验发现:缺氧时间的改变基本不影响下一周期挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的吸收以及硝氮去除。在长期缺氧反应时间不同的系统中,当缺氧时间分别为150 min、210 min和270 min时,除磷效率分别是-10.4%、62.5%、73.6%,脱氮率均达到100%。当缺氧反应时间从150 min延长到270 min时,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)水平和聚磷(poly-P)水平以及释磷量都升高。实验表明,缺氧时间的适当延长利于提高除磷效率。     

Aerobic thermophilic bacteria enhance biogas production

The enhancing effect of aerobic thermophilic (AT) bacteria on the production of biogas from anaerobically digested sewage sludge (methanogenic sludge) was investigated. Sewage sludge (5%, w/w) was incubated at 65°C with shaking for a few months to prepare the AT seed sludge. AT sludge was prepared by incubation of the AT seed sludge (5%, v/v) and sewage sludge (5%, w/w) at 65°C with shaking. The addition of this AT sludge (1.2% ± 0.5% of total volatile solids) to methanogenic sludge enhanced the production of biogas. The optimum volume of the addition and the pretreatment temperature of the AT sludge for optimum biogas production were 5% (v/v) and 65°C. Batch-fed anaerobic digestion was covered with the addition of various AT sludges. The AT sludge prepared with the AT seed sludge improved the biogas production by 2.2 times relative to that from the sewage sludge addition. The addition of sludge without AT seed sludge weakly enhanced biogas production. An aerobic thermophilic bacterium (strain AT1) was isolated from the AT seed sludge. Strain AT1 grew well in a synthetic medium. The production of biogas from the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was improved by the addition of 5% (v/v) AT1 bacterial culture compared with that from the sewage sludge addition. The addition of AT1 culture reduced the volatile solids by 21%, which was higher than the 12.6% achieved with the sewage sludge addition. The AT1 bacterial culture enhanced the biogas production more than the AT seed sludge. The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain AT1 is closely related to Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (100% sequence similarity). The improvement in the production of biogas with the AT sludge could be caused by thermophilic bacterial activity in the AT sludge.     

同时硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究进展

对同时硝化反硝化（SND）生物脱氮新技术的机理进行了较全面的探讨，对影响SND的控制因素及其研究现状进行了简单的综述，最后指出了实现SND存在的一些急需解决的问题。     

四氢呋喃降解细菌质粒的检出及菌株的生长特性

某化工厂的活性污泥中筛选出具有降解四氢呋喃能力的细菌12株,经鉴定均为气单胞菌属.碱裂解法抽提显示质粒检出率为100%,但在质粒量上有所差异.在实验室条件下,这些菌株中对四氢呋喃的最大耐受力可达140 μL/mL;12株菌株都对链霉素有抗性,部分菌株对氨苄青霉素有抗性,而对卡那霉素、庆大霉素及氯霉素无抗性;在以四氢呋喃为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,1号、2号、4号及9号菌株在30 ℃,108 r/min旋转式摇床振荡培养6 d后,对四氢呋喃具有一定的降解能力.确定1号与9号菌株为进一步研究菌株,且两菌株的最适生长温度为30 ℃,最适生长的pH值为7.5.      

浸泡时间对X60钢SRB电化学腐蚀行为影响研究

利用极化曲线,电化学阻抗谱,扫描电镜,能谱分析和微生物分析等方法对X60钢在灭菌培养基和接种硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)培养基中浸泡2h和浸泡240h后的腐蚀行为进行了对比研究.结果表明:浸入初期,相比灭菌介质,含SRB介质中X60钢表面上SRB的初始吸附成膜具有一定的保护作用,这使其耐蚀性能有所提高.浸泡2h后,SRB菌落代谢过程的阴极去极化作用使X60钢表面产生明显点蚀形貌,加速了X60钢的腐蚀,使其耐蚀性能下降.     

利用垃圾渗滤液富集培养氨氧化菌

确保活性污泥中适当的氨氧化菌(AOB)的数量及活性对污水生物除氮过程至关重要,投加富集AOB是增加活性污泥中AOB浓度的方法之一. 为了经济有效地获取富集的AOB并有效处理难降解的垃圾渗滤液,对利用垃圾渗滤液富集培养AOB的可行性进行了研究. 采用烟台市生活垃圾填埋场的垃圾渗滤液作为培养基,利用辛安河污水处理厂A2/O工艺二沉池的回流污泥进行接种,通过更代方式富集培养AOB. 结果显示:更代4次后,菌液中AOB的浓度增至原来的5.6倍;向活性污泥中投加14.5%的经过4次更代富集培养的AOB,氨氧化速率提高了65.4%,从而验证了利用垃圾渗滤液富集AOB是可行的.      

DO/NH4+-N实现短程硝化过程中生物膜特性

实验探究了短程硝化实现过程中生物膜特性的变化情况.采用比值控制(DO/NH+4-N)实现短程硝化,分别取亚硝酸盐积累率为10.27%、52.12%和93.54%时生物膜样品,利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)和激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)联用技术观察总菌、氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)数量和空间结构的变化,通过三维激发发射矩阵(EEM)观察胞外聚合物分泌和成分变化情况.比值控制成功富集AOB,并可在NOB未洗脱完全的情况下实现短程硝化.异养菌和硝化菌共存于生物膜内上,异养细菌在外层,硝化菌分布在生物膜表面6~25μm.短程硝化实现的过程中,AOB/NOB值逐步增长,稳定运行时期比值高达15.56.反应器运行过程中,EPS和微生物菌群变化息息相关.微生物活性下降,EPS分泌减少;短程硝化稳定运行时期,NOB等不耐高亚硝酸的菌群衰亡,芳香性蛋白质荧光强度降低.但三维荧光光谱显示,短程硝化实现过程中EPS化学成分变化不明显.