间苯二胺改性磁性壳聚糖对六价铬的还原-吸附协同作用机制研究

通过改进后的方法制备出具有良好颗粒形态的磁性壳聚糖颗粒,并使用间苯二胺(mPD)对其进行改性,在颗粒表面形成了一层含有大量含氮官能团的有机壳层,有效改善了颗粒的比表面积和活性官能团数量.通过序批实验法探究mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒对六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为,实验结果显示初始pH为酸性有利于其对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除;吸附行为复合拟二级动力学模型,以化学吸附为主;在25℃、pH3条件下,由Langmuir等温线计算得吸附量可以达到212.21 mg·g~(-1),优于此前报道过的很多非纳米级新型磁性吸附剂;通过Redlich-Peterson模型的拟合和吸附反应前后的X射线光电子能谱分析,可知mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒对六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的去除是通过氧化还原反应和吸附作用协同进行的;经过6次吸附-解吸再生过程,mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒仍具有100 mg·g~(-1)以上的吸附能力.综上,mPD改性磁性壳聚糖颗粒体现出其对Cr(Ⅵ)突出的去除性能,同时具有便于分离和再生能力强等特点,对于应用于含铬废水的处理具有良好的前景.     

森林土壤对几种重金属污染的"记忆"效应

采用一定浓度(40～120 mg·L-1)Cd、Cr、Pb的氯化物溶液多次浇灌森林土壤,研究受以前污灌影响而导致某次污灌后土壤对重金属的吸持率下降的效应--"记忆"效应.结果表明土壤对Cr和Pb环境容量大,"记忆"效应不明显.多次浇灌CrCl3溶液后,土壤剖面20 cm以下采样点约99%的Cr被土壤吸持;3次浇灌PbCl2后各采样点Pb浓度下降率维持在85%以上,但污灌次数进一步增加,则土壤的吸持率下降.Cd的环境容量较小,增加投入会很快使土壤上层对其吸附达到饱和,吸附带随之下移,对地下水的安全构成威胁.     

碱性介质中还原高浓度Cr(Ⅵ)细菌的分离及其特性

目前国内外处理含铬废水的微生物仅局限于酸性或中性环境,且处理Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度仅为200mg L-1左右,难以工业化应用,尤其是不可能处理诸如铬渣渗滤液之类的碱性含铬废水及铬渣.本研究从铬渣堆埋场附近取得菌样,经富集、分离、驯化,得到能在碱性介质中高效还原Cr(Ⅵ)的无色杆菌属(Achromobacter sp.)菌株,该菌为G-,具有周身鞭毛及可运动性.对其生理及还原Cr(Ⅵ)的特性进行了研究,结果表明该菌嗜碱,好氧,耐盐及高Cr(Ⅵ),在有氧、pH为10.30、30℃等条件下,含Cr(Ⅵ)1 570 mg L-1的废水经该菌处理16 h后浓度降至0.6 mg L-1.处理后的沉淀物中铬以Cr(OH)3的非晶形态存在,其中总铬含量为21.44%,Cr(Ⅵ)检测不出,具有很大的回收价值.图4表3参16     

改性泥炭对水溶液中铬的去除

为克服泥炭利用过程中存在的一些问题，对原泥炭进行了改性处理，并将改性后的泥炭与树脂结合以增强改性泥炭的机械强度。通过静态试验方法研究了改性泥炭对来自水溶液中的铬离子的吸附特性。结果表明：改性泥炭对水溶液中的铬的吸附等温过程符合Freundlich吸附等温方程，其吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程。溶液的pH值对铬的去除产生显著的影响，在pH在1．5－3．0时，改性泥炭对6价铬的去除效果最好。     

Selective removal of heavy metals by Zr-based MOFs in wastewater: New acid and amino functionalization strategy

Zr-based metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) have been developed in recent years to treat heavy metals,e.g.hexavalent chromium Cr⁶⁺ pollution,which damages the surrounding ecosystem and threaten human health.This kind of MOF is stable and convenient to prepare,but has the disadvantage of low adsorption capacity,limiting its wide application.To this end,a novel formic acid and amino modified MOFs were prepared,referred to as FormUiO-66-NH₂.Due to the modification of formic acid,i...     

用沸石处理含铬废水的试验研究

对用沸石处理含铬废水进行了试验研究，探讨了沸石用量、废水酸度、接触时间等因素对除铬效果的影响，结果表明：当废水ｐＨ≥４，Ｃｒ３＋≤３００ｇｍ／Ｌ时，按铬与沸石量比１∶５００投加沸石进行处理，铬去除率大于９９％，出水可达排放标准。     

Metal Levels in Raccoon Tissues: Differences On and Off the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina

Levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, selenium, and strontium⁸⁸ were examined in heart, kidney, muscle, spleen and liver of raccoons (Procyon lotor) from four areas on the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS), including near a former reactor cooling reservoir and a coal ash basin, and from public hunting areas within 15 km of the site. Mercury is mentioned briefly because it is discussed more fully in another paper. We test the hypotheses that there are no differences in metal levels between raccoons on SRS and off the SRS (off-site), and among different locations on the SRS. Although raccoons collected off-site had significantly lower levels of mercury and selenium in both the liver and kidney, there were few consistencies otherwise. There were significantly higher levels of cadmium in liver of on-site compared to off-site raccoons, and significantly higher levels of chromium and strontium⁸⁸ in kidney of on-site compared to off-site raccoons. Copper and manganese were highest in the liver; cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium were highest in the liver and kidney; chromium was highest in the spleen and muscle; arsenic was highest in the heart, and strontium⁸⁸ was slightly higher in the kidney than other organs. Where there were significant differences on site, chromium, manganese were highest in raccoon tissues from Steel Creek; arsenic, lead and selenium were highest in the Ash Basin; cadmium was highest at Upper Three Runs; and strontium⁸⁸ was highest at Upper Three Runs and Steel Creek. The patterns were far from consistent.     

分光光度法测定六价铬的研究

本文基于六价铬在稀盐酸介质中将碘离子氧化为Ｉ－３，新生的Ｉ－３遇淀粉显蓝色，借分光光度法测定了废水中的六价铬。本法简便快速，灵敏度高，其表观摩尔吸光系数ε高达３１１×１０５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，铬（Ⅵ）量在０～１２μｇ／２５ｍｌ内服从比耳定律，线性相关系数γ为０９９９０。应用于实际废水样中六价铬的测定，结果与二苯碳酰二肼比色法基本一致。     

几种稳定化药剂修复铬污染土壤的研究

采用FeSO_4、K_2HPO_4、EDTA二钠、Na_2S、膨润土、粉煤灰、Ca(OH)_2和水泥8种药剂分别对铬污染土壤进行修复,考察这8种药剂对不同养护时期(7,15,28d)铬污染土壤浸出液中总铬和六价铬的稳定效果,以及对土壤pH值的影响。结果表明,FeSO_4对铬污染的稳定化具有很好的效果,浸出液中总铬和六价铬含量分别降低到2.21,0.76mg/L以下;硫化钠可以使浸出液中总铬和六价铬含量降低50%左右;EDTA二钠对于六价铬有明显的去除作用,但对总铬去除作用不明显。其余几种药剂中,氢氧化钙效果稍微好,其他药剂稳定效果较差。硫酸亚铁和硫化钠对铬土pH影响较大,经过28d修复后也未恢复到原土pH值水平。经过EDTA二钠、氢氧化钙和水泥作用的铬土在第28天的pH值接近原污染铬土壤。其他药剂对土壤pH影响不大。     

铁炭微电解还原Cr(Ⅵ)的动力学及其响应面法条件优化

以Cr(VI)模拟废水为研究对象,研究了铁碳微电解过程中溶液p H、铁屑投加量、反应时间、铁碳质量比及溶液初始浓度等因素对处理过程的影响。在单因素实验基础上,以Cr(VI)去除率为考察目标,溶液初始p H、反应时间、铁炭质量比为考察因素,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法优化了铁炭微电解处理Cr(VI)的工艺条件与拟合二次多项式回归数学模型,分析了3个独立变量之间的交互作用对Cr(VI)去除率的影响。结果表明,当最佳工艺条件p H为2,反应时间为60 min,m(Fe)∶m(C)为2.5时废水中Cr(VI)去除率可达97.85%,与模型预测值96.46%接近,证实了该模型的可靠性。