铬盐工业污染防治对策与建议

在对全国铬盐工业多家企业调研的基础之上,对铬盐工业的生产现状、主要生产工艺及排污节点、污染物排放特征、污染控制技术等进行了论述,指出了污染防治存在的问题,并提出了对策和建议。     

2种分步浸提方法对土壤中Cr形态提取效果的比较

实验模拟了受铬渣污染的土壤环境,比较在不同活性炭加入量下2种典型分步浸提方法:Tessier 5步法和改进的7步分离方法得到的不同结果,探究适合于铬渣污染对土壤环境的铬形态浸提方法。实验结果表明,2种方法的浸提数据虽有较大差异,但能得到相对一致的变化趋势;七步法形态分类更为细致,99%以上的铬都分布在2~3个结合形态,Tessier五步法的物料衡算结果更为准确(96%~103%),相比七步法形态分类更具包容性,数据更具重现性;随着活性炭的加入,土壤环境中游离铬离子明显减少,转化为有机结合态等更稳定的结合形态,说明活性炭能有效固定土壤环境中游离的铬离子,增加其迁移稳定性。     

含铬污液在土壤中迁移规律的研究

通过静态吸附和动态土柱淋溶实验,研究了含铬污液中Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）在土壤中的迁移规律。结果表明,土壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的等温吸附过程均符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程,土壤对Ｃｒ（Ⅲ）、Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的饱和吸附量分别为２．１７＊１０＾４ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ;动态截留量分别为７．００＊１０＾３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、５６．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

Evaluation of the potential for the natural attenuation of hexavalent chromium within a sub-wetland ground water

In this work, the potential for natural attenuation (NA) of Cr(VI) is evaluated for sub-wetland ground water at a chromium-contaminated site in Connecticut, incorporating the experimental findings of previous work at the site. Experimental data is assessed through long-term attenuation capacity calculations and modeling, which incorporates statistical uncertainty of parametric values. The NA evaluation yielded the following results: (1) Significant increases in Cr(VI) concentration and extremely long chromium source dissolution timeframes are required to exceed the attenuation capacity of the sub-wetland region soils studied in this work; and (2) Based on the 1-D transport modeling and incorporating input parameter uncertainty, there is an approximately 92% and 98% probability that the applicable regulatory criteria will not be exceeded at Point C, near a river which serves as the receptor, for the cases of (1) sorption of Cr(VI) only and (2) pseudo first order disappearance of Cr(VI) from the aqueous phase only, respectively.     

γ-射线辐照法去除水中的六价铬

以人工配制的含Cr水溶液[Cr(VI)=42mg/L]为研究对象,从动力学的角度考察了不同实验条件对γ-射线辐照还原Cr(VI)的影响.结果表明,初始pH值对Cr(VI)还原影响较大,酸性条件有利于Cr(VI)的还原,在15kGy的辐照强度下,pH2时,Cr(VI)的去除率达86.2%,而pH5和pH7时,Cr(VI)的去除率仅分别为36.3%和22.2%.乙醇的存在提高了Cr(VI)的辐照还原动力学常数.在乙醇添加量为0.1%(体积比),pH2的条件下,在较低的辐照强度(5kGy)下就可获得较高的Cr(VI)去除率(99.9%).中性条件下(pH7),添加1mmol/L的碳酸钠对Cr(VI)的还原有一定促进作用,而酸性条件下(pH2)则效果不明显.试验还考察了充N₂或充O₂对Cr(VI)辐照还原效果的影响,充N₂气可增强Cr(VI)的还原效果,而充O₂则抑制Cr(VI)的还原.     

干湿法解毒铬渣的综合利用研究

铬渣中含高浓度的六价铬,属于危险废物,未经无害化处置的铬渣泄露将严重污染水体和土壤,破坏生态环境.经银河化学公司研发的干湿法结合的“增压隔氧法”解毒工艺处理后,铬渣样品中总铬、六价铬去除率达99％以上.解毒后铬渣样品中总铬、六价铬含量满足《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范》(HT/T 301-2007)要求.铬渣解毒后不属于危险废物,可以综合利用于水泥混合材料生产中.     

硅藻泥包埋纳米零价铁处理含铬废水的研究

采用环境友好型矿物材料硅藻泥(Diatom Mud)包埋纳米零价铁(nZVI)得到复合材料(D-nZVI),分别用XRD、SEM和TEM对样品分析表征.同时,通过考察D-nZVI中硅藻泥的用量、投加量、含Cr(VI)废水浓度、p H值、处理时间等对Cr(VI)去除率的影响,进一步研究了反应动力学等.结果表明,在25℃的条件下,D-nZVI中硅藻泥的用量为20%时,D-nZVI对Cr(VI)的去除效率要高于nZVI.p H值较低时D-nZVI的处理效果更好,并且含Cr(VI)废水的浓度越高,去除率越低,投加量增多和反应时间越长,Cr(VI)的去除率越高.当D-nZVI的用量为16 g·L-1,Cr(VI)废水浓度为10 mg·L-1,p H=3时,Cr(VI)的去除率达99%.从SEM和TEM样品分析结果可以看出,硅藻泥表面有很多小而均匀的小孔,较好地包埋或附着在纳米零价铁的表面上,起到了很好的抗氧化作用,为D-nZVI吸附、还原和共沉淀降解Cr(VI)提供了有力依据.     

地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测研究——以迁安市某项目的Cr~(6+)污染为例

针对地下水污染的数值模拟及污染预测问题,以迁安市某项目为例,建立了厂区及邻近地区地下水渗流模型和溶质运移模型,选用该项目的特征污染物Cr6+作为模拟因子,介绍了研究区水文地质条件,包括厂区位置及地形地貌、场地水文地质条件和场地水文地质试验,给出了建立地下水渗流数值模型,主要有地下水渗流数值模型和数值模型构建及识别验证,对地下水污染模拟预测,包括源强设定及模拟预测原则、地下水污染模拟预测和对地下水中Cr6+的浓度变化。     

Preparation, characterization and performance of an electrospun carbon nanofiber mat applied in hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution

Hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), a highly toxic oxyanion known as a carcinogen and mutagen,is an issue of concern due to its adverse impact on human health. Therefore, development of effective technologies and/or materials for Cr(VI) removal from water has been of great interest for researchers. In this study, an electrospun carbon nanofiber(CNF) mat was prepared via electrospinning polyacrylonitrile(PAN), followed by thermal pre-oxidation and carbonization. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) observation showed that the fiber diameter of the CNF with carbonization temperature of 950°C(CNF_(950)) was about 266 nm.Potentiometric titration analysis demonstrated that the point of zero charge p H(pHpzc) of CNF_(950) was around 7.93. CNF_(950) demonstrated high adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics for Cr(VI) at pH 3. Langmuir isotherm calculations showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) on CNF_(950) was 118.8 mg/g at pH 2. The adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI) on CNF_(950) was well described by the Redlich–Peterson model, revealing that Cr(VI)adsorption was the result of a combination of monolayer and multilayer adsorption,depending on the initial Cr(VI) concentration. Solution pH greatly affected Cr(VI) adsorption onto CNF_(950) due to the electrostatic interaction, and the adsorption capacity was relatively high when pH was below 3. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analysis revealed that the removal of Cr(VI) might be the result of a combination of redox reaction and electrostatic adsorption. The adsorption-saturated CNF_(950) could be regenerated by NaOH solution. This study extends the potential applicability of electrospun CNF mats for Cr(VI)-contaminated water purification.     

六价铬抑制淡水蓝绿藻生长的毒性效应

采用化学品毒性藻类测试的标准方法得到Cr(Ⅵ)抑制蛋白核小球藻、聚球藻、极大螺旋藻、钝顶螺旋藻、羊角月牙藻和四尾栅藻生长的96h-EC₅₀分别为4.96、6.50、11.16、11.74、12.43、20.89mg/L;6种蓝绿藻对Cr(Ⅵ)耐受性大小顺序为:四尾栅藻＞羊角月牙藻＞钝顶螺旋藻＞极大螺旋藻＞聚球藻＞蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对Cr(Ⅵ)的敏感程度可能与细胞大小和形状、细胞壁结构、藻类分泌物以及酶的作用有关.本文运用X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)初步研究了蛋白核小球藻对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸收和转化.