二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定饮用水中的铬(六价)

根据GB/T5750.6-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法金属指标》10.1中的二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法的规定,对二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水中铬(六价)的实验条件进行了优化。优化后铬(六价)分析方法的相对标准偏差为3.12%,精密度和回收率满足国标的要求。     

某化工厂铬渣堆场及周边土壤重金属污染风险评估研究

针对某搬迁化工厂铬渣堆场及周边土壤,分层分区采集样品分析重金属含量,从生态和人体健康角度对土壤Cr,Ni,Cu,As进行风险评估。结果表明土壤Cr、Cr(Ⅵ)污染较为严重,集中在第一(0 m~1.5 m)和第二层(1.5 m~3 m);Cu、As、Ni污染较轻,集中在第一层。生态风险评估表明随深度增加,潜在生态危害指数降低。生态风险顺序为CrNiAsCu。健康风险评估表明各层土壤均存在Cr(Ⅵ)致癌风险,其余重金属在第一和第二层存在可接受非致癌风险。     

石墨炉原子吸收法最佳条件选择分析

主要对石墨炉原子吸收法测定铬元素的最佳实验条件的选择进行研究,最佳工作条件的选择包括石墨管的选择、石墨炉最佳升温程序的选择。     

一株抗铬细菌的分离鉴定及其还原特性研究

拟通过筛选出高效还原Cr(Ⅵ)的菌株来修复铬污染土壤,从重庆废弃化工厂铬污染土壤中分离得到一株高效还原菌株,对该菌进行形态和生理生化特征研究,并结合分子生物学进行测序分析,同时对该菌在不同条件下还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力进行检测,探讨了pH值、接种量、初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度及温度对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的影响.结果表明,该菌株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,命名为NO.1.经形态和生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列比对分析,鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)(相似度为99％).该菌株具有较强的还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力,在pH=8.0、接种量50％(体积分数)及30℃条件下,100 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)在处理3d后可基本被还原.研究表明,该细菌有望用于铬污染土壤的修复.     

HDTMA改性蒙脱土对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附稳定化研究

以钠基蒙脱土为原料,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)为改性剂,制备了系列有机蒙脱土改性材料,并将其用于Cr(Ⅵ)污染土壤的稳定化处理研究.红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、氮气吸附脱附、阳离子交换量以及电动电位等表征结果表明,随着HDTMA投加量的增加,蒙脱土层间距从1.25 nm增加到2.13 nm,表面粗糙度下降,比表面积从38.91m~2·g~(-1)降低到0.42 m~2·g~(-1),可交换的阳离子数量从62 cmol·kg~(-1)降低到9.9 cmol·kg~(-1),且表面电性由-29.1 m V升高到5.59m V.毒性浸出实验结果表明,材料的有效性与土壤初始Cr(Ⅵ)浓度、蒙脱土的投加量、养护时间以及HDTMA的改性量均有关.随着HDTMA改性量的增加,有机改性蒙脱土对Cr(Ⅵ)的物理吸附作用下降而对污染物的静电作用增强,静电吸附作用是改性蒙脱土对土壤Cr(Ⅵ)的稳定化效果增强的主要原因.     

黑麦草和牵牛花对铬耐受能力和积累效果的指标表征研究

目前土壤中重金属铬(Cr)污染严重,有效筛选植物修复资源迫在眉睫.本文通过盆栽试验分析了Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫下黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和牵牛花(Pharibitis purpurea(L.)Voigt)的生长、生理及Cr积累等指标,探究了两种植物对Cr耐受能力及积累效果.结果表明,生长指标能直观反映出Cr胁迫下植物的受害程度.低浓度Cr(Ⅲ)(250 mg·kg-1)促进植物生长,株高、根长和生物量显著升高(P0.05),而所有浓度Cr(Ⅵ)(≥25 mg·kg-1)均损害植物生长,且植物根长对Cr毒害更为敏感.植物生理指标既表征了Cr对植物的毒害程度,又可反映植物对Cr的耐受能力.Cr胁迫下,植物根系活力降低、丙二醛含量升高,对植物生理损害的表征具有代表性;而脯氨酸含量升高,既表征了植物的受害程度又提高了植物体内渗透平衡;SOD、POD活性升高,则增强了植物的抗氧化应激水平.Cr积累指标是筛选Cr积累植物的主要指标.黑麦草和牵牛花对Cr(Ⅵ)积累浓度大于Cr(Ⅲ),两种植物根部Cr(Ⅵ)积累浓度最高分别可达957.4 mg·kg-1和743.3 mg·kg-1,地上部最高可达394.7 mg·kg-1和340.4 mg·kg-1;黑麦草根部富集能力优于牵牛花,最大富集系数可达15.55,但牵牛花对Cr的转运能力较好.通过指标表征综合说明黑麦草和牵牛花可作为Cr污染土壤植物修复的备选植物.     

Yttrium Normalisation: a New Tool for Detection of Chromium Contamination in Soil Samples

The measurement of chromium and yttrium concentration could give a chance to detect 5–10 times less chromium contamination in soil by using the yttrium normalisation method. The principle of the method is the following: elements such as chromium and yttrium exist naturally in the soil in a strongly bonded form. Therefore, in a noncontaminated area there should be a close correlation between the yttrium and chromium concentrations. If the measured Cr concentration in a sample is not on the Cr–Y trend line then the distance of plotted point from the line indicates the amount of anthropogenic chromium. Anthropogenic chromium can be detected only in the case when the contamination does not contain yttrium. This theory was tested in an agricultural–toxicological field experiment where Cr(VI) was added to the soil. Applying the yttrium normalisation method a much smaller anthropogenic effect was detected than by other evaluation methods.     

利用铬渣制备重铬酸钠

研究了采用焙烧—硫酸酸化法利用铬渣制备重铬酸钠的工艺.通过L16(44)正交实验得出铬渣焙烧—浸出的最佳工艺条件为:焙烧温度1 000℃,m(碳酸钠)∶m(铬渣)=0.18,液固比4,焙烧时间8h.在此条件下Cr(Ⅵ)回收率为99.3％.硫酸酸化制备重铬酸钠的最佳工艺条件为:浸出液pH为6.6,酸化液pH为3.5,浓缩液中重铬酸钠质量分数为83.1％.此条件下制备的产品重铬酸钠结晶率为44.5％,纯度为99.5％,符合GB1611-92《工业重铬酸钠》的一等品质量标准.处理1t铬渣可制备重铬酸钠约120 kg,增加收入660元.     

棕壤吸附-解吸铬影响因素研究

采用室内实验方法,研究了不同铬浓度及不同pH对棕壤吸附-解吸铬的影响,草酸、EDTA和柠檬酸3种有机酸在不同浓度、不同pH条件下对棕壤吸附-解吸铬的影响。结果表明,棕壤对Cr6＋的吸附率随其浓度的增大逐渐增大,并在酸性条件下易于吸附Cr6＋,在碱性条件下易于解吸Cr6＋,低浓度有机酸有利于棕壤对Cr6＋的解吸。EDTA解吸率最大,草酸次之,柠檬酸最小。     

Metals removal from aqueous solution by iron-based bonding agents

GOAL AND SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: The application of a promising method, termed sorptive flotation, for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions was the aim of the present paper. A special case of sorptive flotation is adsorbing colloid flotation. Suitable sorbent preparation techniques have been developed in the laboratory. METHODS: Sorptive flotation, consisting of the sorption and flotation processes combined in series, has proved to give fast and satisfactory treatment of the industrial streams and effluents bearing dilute aqueous solutions of zinc and chromium(VI). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Goethite has proved to be effective for the removal of chromium(VI) and zinc ions. Also, adsorbing colloid flotation with ferric hydroxide (as the co-precipitant) could be an alternative method to the above-mentioned separation of metal ions. In both cases, chromium(VI) (pH=4) and zinc (pH=7) removal was about 100%. CONCLUSION: The reasons for selecting the iron-based bonding materials, like goethite and/or in-situ produced ferric hydroxide, are that they are cheap, easily synthesized, suitable both for cation and anion sorption, and, furthermore, that they present low risks for adding a further pollutant to the system. Promising results were obtained. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The application of goethite and in-situ produced ferric hydroxide has demonstrated their effectiveness in the removal of heavy metal ions, such as chromium anions and zinc cations. A proposed continuation of current work is the utilization of similar iron oxides, for instance synthesized akaganeite. The comparison between the results reported in this paper with the results reported in the literature, also deserves attention.