Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Ageing of chromium(III)-bearing slag and its relation to the atmospheric oxidation of solid chromium(III)-oxide in the presence of calcium oxide

Slag arising in ferrochromium and stainless steel production is known to contain residual levels of trivalent chromium. As the chromium is normally bound in the slag matrix in various silicate or spinel phases, and hence not easily mobilised, utilisation or controlled disposal of such slag is generally considered unproblematic. Experimental test work with a number of slag materials indicates, however, that very gradual oxidation of trivalent to hexavalent chromium does occur when the slag is exposed to atmospheric oxygen, rendering a quantifiable but small portion of chromium in this much more mobile and toxic form. Mechanisms and rates of the oxidation reaction were investigated in a number of long-term studies using both original slag materials and artificial mixes of chromium and calcium oxides. Powders of these materials, some of them rolled into balls, were left to age under different conditions for periods of up to 12 months. In the slag samples, which contained between 1 and 3 wt.% chromium, 1000–10 000 μg Cr(VI) were found per gram of chromium within 6–9 months of exposure to an ambient atmosphere. The rate of the oxidation reaction decreased exponentially, and the reaction could generally be said to have ceased within 12 months. In mixtures of calcium and chromium oxides the oxidation reaction is presumed to occur at the boundaries between chromium oxide and calcium oxide phases through diffusion of oxygen along the grain boundaries and of Cr³⁺ across the boundaries, resulting in the formation of calcium chromate. In the slags, where calcium and chromium oxide can form a solid solution, the oxidation is likely to occur at the exposed surface of grains containing this solution.     

苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸对Cr(VI)还原作用的比较

不同温度和pH条件下,通过批式试验研究了苦杏仁酸、苹果酸、乳酸还原Cr(VI)的反应速率.结果表明,这3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)的能力表现为:苦杏仁酸>苹果酸>乳酸.苦杏仁酸对Cr(VI)的还原作用受pH变化的影响较大,而乳酸受温度变化的影响较大.同时研究了Mn(II)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)反应速率的影响.结果表明,Mn(II)对3种α-OH酸还原Cr(VI)均有催化作用,其中对苦杏仁酸表现更为明显.     

高浓度含铬废水的综合利用

探讨了高浓度含铬褪铜废液的处理方法 ,根据该废液铬含量高 ,具有回收利用价值的特点 ,提出了一条综合利用含铬废液的工艺路线。将含铬废液在合适的条件下把Cr(Ⅲ )氧化为Cr(Ⅵ ) ,加合适的沉淀剂除杂质后 ,加入铅盐溶液 ,生成铬黄     

磷酸铝类材料对铬(Ⅵ)吸附性能的研究

本文研究了磷酸铝类材料对水中重金属离子Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性。结果表明：磷酸铝类材料对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的平衡时间为6h，最佳pH值为0．5—2．0，模板固相磷酸铝类材料的吸附性能比磷酸铝的吸附性能要好，且其吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型。实验结果说明，磷酸铝类材料对水中的重金属离子有一定的吸附能力，可应用于废水处理中去除重金属离子。     

生物法修复铬污染土壤的研究

用生物修复技术来处理受铬污染的土壤，利用自然界中微生物，通过生物还原反应，将Cr(Ⅵ)还原成三价铬。先是通过土壤与合铬的培养基一起培养，筛选出5种能还原Cr(Ⅵ)的菌种，鉴定其菌属，并试验用这些菌种处理铬污染土壤的效果。同时还考虑了pH值对处理效果的影响。试验结果表明：筛选出5种菌种可以还原Cr(Ⅵ)；混菌处理效果最好，最高可达到100％；混菌处理污染土壤的适宜pH值范围为6．0—8．0。     

棓花青褪色光度法测定电镀废水中的铬(Ⅵ)

在硫磷混酸介质 ,10 0℃恒温水浴中 ,铬 (Ⅵ )能氧化花青显著褪色 ,据此建立了测定铬 (Ⅵ )的新方法。铬(Ⅵ )的浓度在 0～ 1 0 4μg mL范围内符合比耳定律 ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 1 90× 10 4L mol·cm。此法用于测定电镀废水中铬 (Ⅵ )的含量 ,结果令人满意     

半导体材料生产废水中的GaAs、Ga~(3+)和Ge~(4+)对活性污泥核酸和氨基酸的影响

研究了GaAs、Ga~(3+)、Ge~(4+)、Hg~(2+)和Cr~(6+)对活性污泥脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)的影响,以及GaAs对活性污泥氨基酸的影响。结果表明,Hg~(2+)和Cr~(6+)主要使活性污泥中核酸的DNA含量减少,GaAs则主要使RNA含量减少,Ge~(4+)浓度达到300ppm/g MLSS对,无论对DNA还是RNA的合成都有较强的抑制影响。低浓度的GaAs对活性污泥氨基酸含量影响不大,而GaAs浓度达360ppm/g MLSS时则使活性污泥中氨基酸含量明显减少。     

阴极pH控制对电动修复Cr(Ⅵ)污染高岭土影响研究

试验选用重铬酸钾作为污染物,配制高岭土中Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量分数为100mg/kg和500mg/kg。试验研究了对阴极电解产生的OH-的控制对电动修复效率的影响以及不同的控制方式对电动修复效率的影响。试验结果表明:对阴极电解产生的pH进行控制可以明显提高Cr(Ⅵ)去除效率;多种控制方式中,以盐酸的中和控制最为有效,可使去除效率达到90.8%,但引起的土壤酸化问题应当进一步进行研究。     

硫化物还原Cr(VI)的反应动力学研究

在恒温和除氧封闭条件下，通过批式试验研究了水溶液中Cr(VI)与S^2-的反应动力学及其影响因素．研究结果表明，在恒定溶液pH值(7—9范围内)和硫化物浓度过量时，反应分2个阶段．初始反应阶段(Cr(VI)反应物消耗约50％～70％区间)，反应动力学服从假1级反应规律，ln C-t作图呈线性关系；反应后期(Cr(VI)反应物剩余大约30％-50％区间)，ln C-t曲线出现转折，反应速率明显加速．对过程进行分析，认为硫化物的最初氧化产物为单质S，然后逐渐形成胶体态S，继而胶体态S对硫化物产生强烈吸附作用，提高了硫化物的反应活性，促进了反应的加速进行．胶体态S对硫化物参与的氧化还原反应有明显的催化作用此外，溶液酸度对总反应速率有显影响，H^ 的反应级数为L．