铬污染土壤的微生物修复

采用淋溶实验研究微生物对铬污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的修复,研究培养基成分、培养基添加量及淋溶液pH值对修复效果的影响.结果表明,培养基淋溶能完全修复铬污染土壤中水溶性Cr(Ⅵ),浸出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度由初始的700.3mg·L-1降低至检出限以下.单独加入碳源作为培养基时,土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)不能得到完全修复,碳源与氮源结合作...     

Evaluation of hexavalent chromium removal in a continuous biological filter with the use of central composite design (CCD)

Hexavalent chromium is frequently found in industrial effluents as a result of the industrial applications of this compound and its anti-corrosive features. However, hexavalent chromium is extremely toxic, and its discharge in water is regulated, with a maximum limit of 0.1 mg/L in accordance with legislation established by CONAMA-Brazil (no. 397, April 3, 2008). To achieve lower discharge values, it is necessary to reduce from Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which is less toxic, and an economic alternative involves biological removal of this compound. Residence time distributions (RTDs) were measured to evaluate the behavior of actual biofilter operation conditions in a biofilter flow. The medium residence time distributions used were 8 and 24 h (recommended by the legislation). To optimize this process, a central composite design was used, considering the initial chromium concentration and pH as the independent variables and the removal of hexavalent chromium as the response. The boundary curves and surface response showed optimal behavior at 3.94 mg/L [Cr(0)] and a pH of 6.2. The removal process of hexavalent chromium is mathematically described by the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. This model appropriately represents the variation of chromium concentration along the bioreactor.     

3种典型污染物对水生生物的急性毒性效应及其水质基准比较

我国本土水生生物急性毒性数据较少,通过研究Cr(Ⅵ)、2,4,6-三氯酚和硝基苯对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)、斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)和摇蚊幼虫(Chironomidae larvae)的急性毒性效应,为制定和完善我国水质基准提供本土数据支持.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)、2,4,6-三氯酚和硝基苯对蛋白核小球藻的96 h半抑制效应浓度(96 h-EC50)依次为1.34、4.55和86.58 mg·L-1;对斜生栅藻的96 h-EC50依次为19.52、3.71和74.15 mg·L-1;当Cr(Ⅵ)达到1 500 mg·L-1时,摇蚊幼虫48 h死亡率仅为15%,2,4,6-三氯酚和硝基苯对摇蚊幼虫的48 h半致死效应浓度(48 h-LC50)分别为9.29 mg·L-1和98.34 mg·L-1.3种典型污染物的毒性评估结果显示,Cr(Ⅵ)对小球藻为高等毒性、对斜生栅藻为中等毒性,2,4,6-三氯酚对两种微藻均为高等毒性,硝基苯对两种微藻均为中等毒性;3种污染物对摇蚊幼虫的毒性顺序为:2,4,6-三氯酚>硝基苯>Cr(Ⅵ).     

水泥注浆中六价铬总溶出量的影响因素研究

水泥注浆过程中析出液中的六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)易造成地下水的重金属污染,对生态和环境具有较大危害性,为了有效降低水泥注浆中Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出量,采用化学还原的方法,探讨了各种降铬剂及其掺量对降低Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出量的效果,研究了颗粒粒度、液固比对Cr(Ⅵ)总溶出量的影响.结果 表明,硫酸亚铁降铬剂的效果最显著,当用量在3％以内时...     

矿业污染土壤中还原态硫的测定方法探讨

铬粉还原法(SCr)常用于酸性硫酸盐土和河流底泥中还原态硫的测定,其能否应用于矿业污染土壤中还原态硫的测定还有待检验.选取矿渣污染土壤和未污染土壤,添加不同浓度的黄铁矿培养15 d后采用SCr法测定其消化时间和土壤预处理方法的回收率.研究表明:SCr法可应用于矿业酸化土壤中还原态硫的测定,消化时间达到20 min时,不同含硫浓度的处理中还原态硫回收率在95%-105%之间.说明消化20 min即可满足SCr法测定还原态硫的要求.不同预处理方法的比较表明:采用80℃快速风干处理和真空冷冻干燥处理,土壤样品的还原态硫回收率均能达到满意的要求,而采用传统的自然风干处理会使土壤还原态硫的测定结果偏低.因此,测定矿山污染土壤的还原态硫时,可以采用真空冷冻干燥处理或80℃快速风干处理.消化时间为20 min即可.     

Effect of chromium on growth attributes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Heavy metal soil pollution takes place when the metal concentration of soil exceeds natural background level and causes ecological destruction and deterioration of the environment. In the present study, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of chromium-contaminated soil in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth attributes. Three different levels of chromium (Cr) i.e., 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg were applied to three varieties of sunflower (G-3, G-9, and G-59). The results of morphological, chemical, and yield parameters were recorded at crop maturity. The result showed that germination, root, and shoot lengths were decreased with increase in Cr concentrations. A gradual decrease was observed for various morphological parameters like root fresh and dry weights, shoot fresh and dry weights, and plant height with increase in Cr levels. A comparison among Cr treatments obtained a significant decrease in yield parameters as achenes/capitulum, achenes/plant, and 100 achenes weight in three varieties. Cr was significantly absorbed by roots but its transport to other parts of plants was slow, and uptake in seeds was much lower than in roots and shoots.