上海市不同土地利用类型春季中小型土壤动物群落结构研究

城市不同土地利用方式对土壤动物具有一定影响,为了解城市不同土地利用方式中小型土壤动物群落结构,于2006年春季对包括学校、居住区、公园、工厂、垃圾填埋场和道路等绿地中的中小型土壤动物进行采样研究。研究表明,9种生境中小型土壤动物平均密度为62653只,分别隶属于3门16个类群,优势类群为线虫纲(Nematoda)、蜱螨目(Acarina),常见类群为弹尾目(Collembola)、近孔寡毛目(Oligochaeta plesiopora)、涡虫纲(Turbellaria)和轮虫纲(Rotatoria),它们共占了总捕获量的98.27%。不同城市绿地生境中的土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同,群落复杂性指数(Cj)比其它多样性指数更能体现群落的复杂性与多样性。群落聚类以及排序的结果显示,9种生境中的中小型土壤动物群落可以分为6大类:即浦东路旁绿化、工业区乔木及草地类型、植物园草地及废弃地乔木类型、校园乔木及居住区草地类型、校园草地类型、植物园乔木类型。     

基于聚类分析和水质标识指数的水质评价方法

为探讨一种适用于大尺度、多断面和长时间的水质评价方法,用层次聚类分析将2006~2008年海河5个监测断面的165个水质样本分为20组,并用方差分析验证了结果的可靠性。用综合水质标识指数表示水质样本的综合特征,与单因子评价法相比,该方法充分考虑了最差水质因子的影响,避免了单因子评价法以偏概全的缺陷,且分辨率高。将评价结果分解到各断面,结果表明:密云水库、官厅水库和于桥水库的水质处于II~III类水之间,可满足作为饮用水水源水的要求,三岔口断面大部分时间为IV~V类水,张家口八号桥断面全年有6个月以上水质属于劣V类。     

粤北三座典型中型水库富营养化与浮游植物群落特征

于2010年丰水期（8月）和枯水期（12月）采集粤北地区3座中型水库（沐溪、苍村和赤石迳水库）的水和浮游植物,分析植物群落与水质,以考察季节性温度差异与鱼类养殖对水库水质和浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,3座水库分别属富营养、中营养和中营养水平,营养盐质量浓度丰水期高于枯水期。共鉴定浮游植物7门56种（属）,群落组成以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主。沐溪水库丰枯两季均以蓝藻为优势类群,其浮游植物丰度和生物量明显高于其余两座水库（p〈0.01）;苍村和赤石迳水库丰水期优势门类均为蓝藻,枯水期均为硅藻。3座水库浮游植物丰度均表现为丰水期高于枯水期,生物量则枯水期高于丰水期,但均无显著性差异（p〉0.05）。RDA（冗余分析）结果表明,透明度、总氮和悬浮物是影响浮游植物群落结构的主要因素;其中,沐溪水库的营养盐和悬浮物与浮游植物群落正相关,苍村和赤石迳水库浮游植物群落则与水深和透明度正相关;温度对浮游植物群落的影响主要体现在种类组成的季节差异上。营养盐和优势种类的季节差异造成了浮游植物丰度和生物量在丰水期和枯水期的不一致。聚类分析将不同季节的3座水库分为2个类区,非养鱼水库苍村和赤石迳水库为第一类区,养鱼的沐溪水库为第二类区。沐溪水库库区内发展鱼类养殖业为浮游植物提供了高质量浓度营养盐（尤其是总磷）,即使在温度较低的冬季仍支持蓝藻种类的优势性。     

江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物物种丰富度及分布格局

采用实地调查与资料收集相结合的方法,以县(市)为基本地理单元建立江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物二元分布数据库;基于GIS技术,研究濒危动物物种丰富度格局;依据地理单元中物种组成的相似程度进行聚类分析,探讨江苏省濒危动物相似性分布格局。结果显示,江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物共有35科62属83种;西南部丘陵山区、盐城、连云港及启东地区濒危物种丰富度较高,江苏中部地区(主要为泰州和淮安)濒危物种丰富度较低,这与江苏省生物多样性分布热点基本一致,濒危物种丰富度与总物种丰富度之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01,n=73),Pearson相关系数为0.869;依据物种组成相似性,当组间距离分别为23.8、20.6、18.8时,江苏省73个基本单元可聚为3、4、5组,该聚类结果表明江苏省陆栖濒危脊椎动物分布受自然地理亚区、地形地貌以及人为活动的共同影响。     

中美校园安全文化对比研究

通过安全文化、校园安全文化的结构层次理论综述及校园安全的影响因素剖析,提出校园安全文化5层次理论,即心态安全文化层、行为安全文化层、制度安全文化层、物态安全文化层、和谐安全文化层,为科学构建和谐校园提供理论支撑。依据校园安全文化5层次理论对中美校园安全文化进行比较分析,其结果显示,中美两国校园安全文化表现为差异性与趋同性,两国校园安全文化在一定时期内可以保持一定的稳定性,但随着两国文化交流的逐步深入,其差异性正在缩小,出现相互融合的良性发展趋势。从建设和谐社会的实践角度来看,笔者提出建设和谐校园对形成具有中国特色的校园安全文化具有重大的推进作用。     

Integrating intraseasonal grassland dynamics in cross-scale distribution modeling to support waterbird recovery plans

Despite much discussion about the utility of remote sensing for effective conservation, the inclusion of these technologies in species recovery plans remains largely anecdotal. We developed a modeling approach for the integration of local, spatially measured ecosystem functional dynamics into a species distribution modeling (SDM) framework in which other ecologically relevant factors are modeled separately at broad scales. To illustrate the approach, we incorporated intraseasonal water-vegetation dynamics into a cross-scale SDM for the Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago), which is highly dependent on water and vegetation dynamics. The Common Snipe is an Iberian grassland waterbird characteristic of European agricultural meadows and a member of one of the most threatened bird guilds. The intraseasonal dynamics of water content of vegetation were measured using the standard deviation of the normalized difference water index time series computed from bimonthly images of the Sentinel-2 satellite. The recovery plan for the Common Snipe in Galicia (northwestern Iberian Peninsula) provided an opportunity to apply our modeling framework. Model accuracy in predicting the species’ distribution at a regional scale (resulting from integration of downscaled climate projections with regional habitat–topographic suitability models) was very high (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.981 and Boyce's index of 0.971). Local water-vegetation dynamic models, based exclusively on Sentinel-2 imagery, were good predictors (AUC of 0.849 and Boyce's index of 0.976). The predictive power improved (AUC of 0.92 and Boyce's index of 0.98) when local model predictions were restricted to areas identified by the continental and regional models as priorities for conservation. Our models also performed well (AUC of 0.90 and Boyce's index of 0.93) when projected to updated water-vegetation conditions. Our modeling framework enabled incorporation of key ecosystem processes closely related to water and carbon cycles while accounting for other factors ecologically relevant to endangered grassland waterbirds across different scales, allowed identification of priority areas for conservation, and provided an opportunity for cost-effective recovery planning by monitoring management effectiveness from space.     

BAF中不同高度海绵铁填料表面物种多样性分析

主要通过目的片段的聚合酶链式反应(polymeraes chain reaction,PCR)扩增、Illumina高通量测序以及生物信息分析对曝气生物滤池(BAF)反应器中不同高度的海绵铁填料表面微生物丰度和多样性进行分析和研究。结果表明:Ctrl(原水样)以及反应器中优势种群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)次之;等级丰度分布(Rank-Abundance)曲线中Ctrl物种数量为1 193,DO1(BAF上部水样)为2 389,DO2(BAF中部水样)为2 211,DO3(BAF下部水样)为1 890,DO1的丰度和生物多样性最高,随着DO浓度的降低(或填料空间位置的下降),微生物群落丰度和多样性均逐渐下降;Chao1指数比观察到的物种(observed species)指数对物种的丰度更加敏感,测得的OTUs(operational taxonomic units)数均高出400;DO1和DO2的物种均匀度较高,DO3和Ctrl的优势菌群所占比例很高,均匀度较低。通过PCoA(principal co-ordinates analysis)可以观察到DO1和DO2的物种组成最为相似。     

Global Grids from Recursive Diamond Subdivisions of the Surface of an Octahedron or Icosahedron

In recent years a number of methods have been developed for subdividing the surface of the earth to meet the needs of applications in dynamic modeling, survey sampling, and information storage and display. One set of methods uses the surfaces of Platonic solids, or regular polyhedra, as approximations to the surface of the earth. Diamond partitions are similar to recursive subdivisions of the triangular faces of either the octahedron or icosahedron. This method views the surface as either four (octahedron) or ten (icosahedron) tessellated diamonds, where each diamond is composed of two adjacent triangular faces of the figure. The method allows for a recursive partition on each diamond, creating nested sub-dimaonds, that is implementable as a quadtree, including the provision for a Peano or Morton type coding system for addressing the hierarchical pattern of diamonds and their neighborhoods, and for linearizing storage. Furthermore, diamond partitions, in an aperture-4 hierarchy, provide direct access through the addressing system to the aperture-4 hierarchy of hexagons developed on the figure. Diamond partitions provide a nested hierarchy of grid cells for applications that require nesting and diamond cells have radial symmetry for those that require this property. Finally, diamond partitions can be cross-referenced with hierarchical triangle partitions used in other methods.     

Space-time modeling for the Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey

The Missouri Turkey Hunting Survey (MTHS) is a postseason mail survey conducted by the Missouri Department of Conservation. The 1996 MTHS provides information concerning the number of turkeys harvested by hunters on each day and the total number of trips made to the counties by these hunters on each day of the hunting season. The success rates are then found from this information. Small sample sizes produce large standard errors for the estimates at the county level. We use a Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear model to estimate daily hunting success rates at the county level. The model includes an autoregressive process for the days of the hunting season and spatially correlated random geographic effects. The computations are performed using Gibbs sampling and adaptive rejection sampling techniques. Results show that there are significant spatial corelations between counties and correlations between days of the hunting season. The estimates are close to the frequency estimates at the state level and much more stable at the county level.     

基于知识与规则的土地利用信息分层提取研究——以南京市都市区为例

为了克服利用统一分类模型难以有效提高土地利用分类精度的问题,为土地利用/覆被定性、定量信息的提取提供一种高精度、高效率的提取方法,将分层信息提取法和基于知识规则的信息提取方法相结合,基于对南京市都市区的土地利用时空特点和研究区TM影像数据中各地类波谱信息的分析,结合了地类提取指数模型、DEM数据、城市建成区边界等,充分利用地学先验知识,设计了一套土地信息分层提取的流程,对土地利用信息进行了提取。利用该方法对2012年南京市都市区的土地利用/土地覆被信息提取的总体精度达到了88.67%,Kappa系数达到了0.85。实践证明,基于知识与规则的土地利用信息分层提取方法提取精度较高,适用性强,对其他地区的土地利用/覆被信息分类提取也有一定的借鉴意义。