基于全过程治水理念的城市水环境系统综合整治效果评价

采用压力-状态-响应(PSR)和层次分析法(AHP)构建基于全过程治水理念的城市水环境系统综合整治效果评价体系,并对深圳前海铁石片区水环境综合整治项目进行评价.结果表明,关注河道本身的安全、环境、生态等指标,且考虑污水产生后源头削减、收集、集中处理、输送的全过程,可有效评估城市水环境综合整治效果,项目评价结果为良好.     

基于可变模糊集理论的溃坝后果综合评价

我国大坝数量多,一旦溃坝,将给下游人民生命和财产安全带来不可估量的损害,及时恰当地将大坝风险管理纳入实际应用显得极为迫切。大坝风险后果综合评价作为大坝风险管理中不可或缺的一环,评价过程涉及众多相关性及不确定性因子,主要包括生命损失、经济损失、社会影响和环境影响4个方面。以可变模糊集理论为基础,构建溃坝后果综合评价的评价指标体系及评价等级标准,结合层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,建立了基于可变模糊集理论的溃坝后果综合评价模型,并将该模型应用于江西省5座水库溃坝后果综合评价。结果表明,基于可变模糊集理论建立的综合评价模型所得评价结果全面合理,能够较完善地反映大坝的风险后果,具有操作步骤简单、计算过程严密等特点,实用性良好。     

基于系统动力学的海洋平台安全脆弱性分析

海洋平台承受着风、浪、流等复杂环境载荷，安全系统在保障平台安全稳定方面的作用极为突出。为深入探讨影响海洋平台安全脆弱性的机理，针对海洋平台作业环境的极端性和复杂性，建立了海洋平台的安全脆弱性系统动力学分析模型，采用模糊层次分析法确定影响安全系统中各层因素的权重系数，并设定参数，考虑子系统不同的安全投入方案，进行了海洋平台脆弱性系统分析。研究结果表明:海洋平台设备系统对于暴露度和敏感度的影响程度最高，管理系统对海洋平台安全系统的适应度起主导作用；当安全投入总值一定，对各系统的投入比例不同时，为有效降低海洋平台脆弱性，应合理分配有限投入资金。     

复杂系统中人误原因因素的层次分析法

介绍和评析了人误分析历史上有重要影响的几种人误原因因素分类方法:传统人因分类法、信息处理分类法和认知系统工程分类法.基于认知可靠性及失误分析方法(CREAM)的人误原因因素分类,运用层次分析法(AHP)基本原理,建立了大规模复杂人-机系统人误原因因素层次结构模型及相应的AHP程序,并以JCO公司超临界事故为实例进行了分析.分析和应用结果表明,本文所建立的人误原因因素层次结构模型及AHP程序能够辨识出大规模复杂人-机系统中人误的主要原因因素,进而寻找出最优预防方案,对预防和减少此类人误事故的发生有积极意义.     

基于FAHP的危化品企业安全标准化评价体系研究

当前危险化学品从业单位安全标准化考评工作中存在针对性不足、标准分值难把握等缺点,结合我国危化品生产储运及安全监管现状,为合理地评价危化品企业的安全标准化等级,参考现有的法律法规、技术标准和规范,提出了采用10个一级指标和44个二级指标来评价危化品企业安全管理水平,将层次分析法和模糊综合评判法有机结合,确定具有针对性的各级指标权重值,创建了一套危化品企业安全标准化评价体系.最后以某涂料企业作为该评价体系的应用实例,并对比现场考评结果进行分析.结果表明,该评价体系可行、有效,指标权重可信度高,更能真实、客观地反映不同危化品企业的安全管理水平,可为评价危化品企业的安全标准化等级提供科学、准确的参考依据.     

基于SWOT法和层次分析法的能源发展战略研究

针对能源发展战略分析中缺少定量分析的不足,将SWOT法与层次分析法结合起来建立一个完整的定性与定量分析相结合的系统框架,分析影响能源发展的关键因素并计算各因素权重,在此基础上确定能源发展战略,并以厦门市为例,进行案例分析.结果表明:在众多因素中,单位GDP能耗低、能源资源稀缺、能源进口关税不断下调、能源消费不断增长等是...     

层次分析法在典型滑坡危险度评价中的应用

利用层次分析法,建立成对比较矩阵,将成对比较矩阵的特征向量作为典型滑坡评价因子的权重,确定了评价因子的影响力排序.建立了滑坡危险度评价指标,并确定了滑坡危险度等级,为滑坡预警和滑坡的治理提供了依据.     

长沙市旅游开发生态适宜性评价

在借鉴已有评价方法的基础上,从宏观的角度,以长沙市为例,选取了区域生态环境、旅游资源价值、社会经济因子3个方面的评价因子,建立起旅游生态适宜性评价因子体系。采用模糊层次分析法确定评价因子权重,并在G IS技术的支持下,从空间上对其旅游开发的生态适宜性进行了综合评价。研究结果表明,长沙市旅游用地可以划分为最适宜用地、适宜用地、基本适宜用地、不适宜用地、不可用地,适合于进行旅游开发的区域较大,最适宜用地、适宜用地、基本适宜用地达到7 549.66 km2,占63.74%。     

Expressing forgiveness after interpersonal mistreatment: Power and status of forgivers influence transgressors' relationship restoration efforts

One adverse consequence of interpersonal mistreatment is that it damages the relationship between the victim and the transgressor. Scholars have promoted forgiveness of such mistreatment as a victim response that can motivate transgressors to work towards relationship restoration. Building on social exchange theory and the social perception literature, we provide an account of when transgressors are less (vs. more) willing to restore their relationship with the victim in response to forgiveness. Specifically, we argue that transgressors perceive forgiveness from a victim who has high (vs. low) power, relative to the transgressor, as insincere, making transgressors less willing to restore the relationship. We further argue that this effect of high (vs. low) victim power is pronounced especially when the victim also has low (vs. high) status. Two experiments and two field studies support these predictions. These findings highlight the relevance of studying how contextual conditions color transgressors' perceptions of victims' behavior to understand relationship restoration after interpersonal mistreatment.     

Alternatives to biodiversity offsets for mitigating the effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems

Globally, offset schemes have emerged in many statutory frameworks relating to development activities, with the aim of balancing biodiversity conservation and development. Although the theory and use of biodiversity offsets in terrestrial environments is broadly documented, little attention has been paid to offsets in stream ecosystems. Here we examine the application of offset schemes to stream ecosystems and explore whether they suffer similar shortcomings to those of offset schemes focused on terrestrial biodiversity. To challenge the applicability of offsets further, we discuss typical trajectories of urban expansion and their cascading physical, chemical and biological impacts on stream ecosystems. We argue that the highly connected nature of stream ecosystems and urban drainage networks can transfer impacts of urbanization across wide areas, complicating the notion of like‐for‐like exchange and the prospect of effectively mitigating biodiversity loss. Instead, we identify in‐catchment options for stormwater control, which can avoid or minimize the impacts of development on downstream ecosystems, while presenting additional public and private benefits. We describe the underlying principles of these alternatives, some of the challenges associated with their uptake, and policy initiatives being trialed to facilitate adoption. In conclusion, we argue that stronger policies to avoid and minimize the impacts of urbanization provide better prospects for protecting downstream ecosystems, and can additionally, stimulate economic opportunities and improve urban liveability.