废水处理用聚乙烯生物填料表面改性与表征研究

采用化学氧化-铁离子覆盖和化学氧化-表面接枝2种方法对聚乙烯生物填料进行表面改性,并使用接触角、扫描电镜及X射线光电子能谱等手段对改性前后的填料表面进行表征,同时还考察其在废水处理中的挂膜速度和处理效果。结果表明,2种改性方法都能使填料表面形成腐蚀坑而增加了表面粗糙度,并引入基团使填料表面呈正电性,使得填料的亲水性与生物亲和性增强,有利于微生物的粘附。2种改性方法可将挂膜时间分别缩短37.5%和60%,挂膜量分别提高54.8%和76.1%,COD的去除率也分别提高10.63%和8.64%。     

Online microchannel preconcentrator for carbofuran detection

A simple and rapid online microchannel preconcentrator coupled with an amperometric detection for the analysis of carbofuran using polyethylene glycol coated onto magnetic particle (PEG-magnetic particles) sorbents was developed. This simple-to-prepare microchannel preconcentrator used an external magnet to retain the PEG-magnetic particle sorbents inside the microchannel. Under optimum conditions, the system provided two linear ranges, from 0.01 to 10.0 mg L^?1 and from 10.0 to 130.0 mg L^?1 with a limit of detection of 8.7 ± 0.1 μg L^?1. The microchannel preconcentrator provided very good stability; it can be used for up to 326 consecutive injections of 5.0 mg L^?1 carbofuran with a relative standard deviation of less than 3%. The developed system provided a good microchannel-to-microchannel and a good electrode-to-electrode reproducibility (n = 6, %RSD < 1). It also provided an excellent selectivity when it was tested with two other carbamate pesticides, carbaryl and methomyl, with a 43 and 256 times higher detection sensitivity for carbofuran, respectively. The developed system was successfully applied to detect carbofuran in surface water samples obtained near vegetable plantation areas. The concentrations of carbofuran in these samples were found to be in the range of non-detectable to 0.047 ± 0.001 mg L^?1. The developed system is easy to operate and easy to couple with other analytical instruments and it could be easily adapted for the analysis of other polar organic contaminants.     

生物膜CANON反应器性能的优化:从FBBR到MBBR

控制温度为30℃±1℃,在移动床式生物膜反应器(MBBR)采用以改性聚乙烯为填料的全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺,以无机高NH_4~+-N(约400 mg·L~(-1))人工模拟废水为连续进水,研究MBBR对生物膜CANON工艺脱氮性能的优化.试验控制pH在7.8左右,HRT为6 h,填料填充率为35%,经过一个月调试与培养,NH_4~+-N及TN平均去除率达到74.28%和87.93%,最高分别可达84.68%和98.82%,此时ΔNO-3/ΔTN为0.12,接近理论值0.127,由此判断CANON污泥在MBBR工艺中逐渐适应并得以稳定运行.同时,对比采用相同进水基质及控制条件的固定床式生物膜反应器(FBBR),计算发现MBBR与FBBR工艺NH_4~+-N去除率、TN去除率及去除负荷3组均方差分别为:8.31%和14.06%,7.09%和11.79%,0.17kg·(m3·d)-1和0.27 kg·(m3·d)~(-1),前者均低于后者;并且,在MBBR与FBBR的DO平均浓度分别为1.96 mg·L~(-1)和3.09mg·L~(-1)的情况下,MBBR与FBBR中每升氮去除负荷分别为0.53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0.37 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).因此,(1)相比FBBR,MBBR具有更加稳定的脱氮性能;(2)相比FBBR,MBBR中每升填料中的微生物具有更高的O2利用效率及总氮去除负荷.     

Effect of aging level on viscoelastic properties of asphalt binder containing waste polyethylene

Due to inherent advantages, waste polyethylene (generated from domestic sources) has been used as asphalt modifier. This article discusses viscoelastic properties of the polyethylene modified asphalt binder. Several asphalt concrete mixtures were designed by varying polyethylene and asphalt content. Shredded polyethylene incorporated into asphalt concrete by dry mixing process. Using optimised asphalt content (at several polyethylene percentages), mixtures were prepared and compacted. These compacted specimens were aged for different duration in convection oven. Asphalt binder (from aged specimens) was extracted and tested for its viscoelastic properties using dynamic shear rheometer. Comparison of mastercurves indicated increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle values with addition of polyethylene at all reduced frequencies. However, the extent of change was highly dependent on frequency, aging duration and polyethylene content. This indicates that the addition of polyethylene provides more resilience to asphalt binder especially with less aging time. Storage modulus mastercurves (at lower frequencies) and relaxation modulus values (at longer time) indicate polyethylene provides additional stiffening to binder. Further, changes in viscous modulus with addition of polyethylene were marginal. Overall results indicate that waste polyethylene improves the properties of asphalt binder over extended loading period when heated for less time during mixing.     

The effect of clay catalyst on the chemical composition of bio-oil obtained by co-pyrolysis of cellulose and polyethylene

Cellulose/polyethylene (CPE) mixture 3:1, w/w with and without three clay catalysts (K10 – montmorillonite K10, KSF – montmorillonite KSF, B – Bentonite) addition were subjected to pyrolysis at temperatures 400, 450 and 500 °C with heating rate of 100 °C/s to produce bio-oil with high yield. The pyrolytic oil yield was in the range of 41.3–79.5 wt% depending on the temperature, the type and the amount of catalyst. The non-catalytic fast pyrolysis at 500 °C gives the highest yield of bio-oil (79.5 wt%). The higher temperature of catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose/polyethylene mixture the higher yield of bio-oil is. Contrarily, increasing amount of montmorillonite results in significant, almost linear decrease in bio-oil yield followed by a significant increase of gas yield. The addition of clay catalysts to CPE mixture has a various influence on the distribution of bio-oil components. The addition of montmorillonite K10 to cellulose/polyethylene mixture promotes the deepest conversion of polyethylene and cellulose. Additionally, more saturated than unsaturated hydrocarbons are present in resultant bio-oils. The proportion of liquid hydrocarbons is the highest when a montmorillonite K10 is acting as a catalyst.     

高密度聚乙烯微塑料胁迫对棉花生长、枯萎病发生和根际细菌群落的影响

塑料地膜,尤其是聚乙烯地膜,在我国农业生产中广泛使用,而其降解形成的微塑料也逐渐在土壤中累积,带来诸多环境问题.目前,农田土壤中微塑料的环境生物学效应已有诸多报道,但微塑料对作物生长、病害发生和根际土壤细菌群落的影响研究较少.前期研究发现1%高密度聚乙烯微塑料（HDPE,500目）处理土壤会提高棉花枯萎病发病率（33.3%）,并且抑制棉花生长,而土壤灭菌处理后未发现此现象,推测HDPE通过改变土壤微生物群落,影响棉花生长和枯萎病发生.因此,拟通过高通量测序技术,结合网络分析和FAPROTAX功能分析,探究HDPE对棉花根际土壤细菌群落结构、互作网络和功能的影响,解析HDPE的作用机制.NovaSeq测序显示HDPE处理的棉花根际细菌群落由54个门,472个属组成,门与属组成数量均少于无菌水处理土壤.α、β多样性和ANOSIM/Adonis分析表明,HDPE显著降低细菌群落的丰富度,并改变群落结构组成.基于T-test分析差异物种,HDPE显著降低土壤中具有潜在生物防治、污染物降解和抗真菌药物合成功能菌属的相对丰度,如Kribbella、Massilia、Hailiangium和Ramlibacter等.细菌群落的改变导致土壤细菌功能的变化,进一步通过FAPROTAX功能分析可知,HDPE弱化棉花根际土壤细菌部分生物化学功能,如化能异养、发酵和硝酸盐还原等.属水平物种相关性网络分析表明HDPE处理减弱了根际细菌间的相互作用,减少正相关连接数,增加负相关连接数,简化网络结构,改变关键菌群.以上结果表明HDPE可通过改变棉花根际细菌群落、相互作用与功能代谢,影响棉花的生长与枯萎病发生,可为评价聚乙烯微塑料生态风险与污染土壤修复提供指导.     

三维高密度电法在尾矿库隐患检测中的应用

三维高密度电阻率法是在二维的基础上发展起来的,克服了二维高密度电法不能直观地展示目标异常区域的走向、空间位置与形态的不足。将三维高密度电法应用于尾矿库隐患检测中,可得到丰富的地电数据,利用三维电阻率处理软件对地电数据进行反演,实现了尾矿坝三维地质数据的可视化。通过三维电阻率等值面图和三维电阻率动态截面图,可以直观、可靠的了解到尾矿坝浸润线的分布规律和坝体异常地质情况,为尾矿库的风险评估工作提供科学依据。     

某高密度街区大气颗粒物质量浓度分布特征实测研究

为研究城市高密度街区大气颗粒物浓度分布特征,2019年秋季对上海市某高密度街区道路大气颗粒物浓度、空气温度、相对湿度、地理位置、车辆与道路图像视频信息进行了同步移动在线监测,并结合街区内固定站数据和后向轨迹模拟结果,总结了影响街区大气颗粒物浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明:城市大气颗粒物背景拟合值处于较低水平时,街区内的大气颗粒物浓度变化和影响因素易被识别;机动车污染源对大气颗粒物浓度贡献大,其中大型机动车的影响明显;户外施工和道路清扫会引起大气颗粒物浓度上升,其中PM₁₀上升更明显;交通密度大的十字路口大气颗粒物浓度通常较高;城市高架的盖状结构会阻碍大气颗粒物在垂直方向上的扩散,引起局部大气颗粒物浓度上升;街区内高大浓密的乔木对近地面的大气颗粒物屏蔽效果不理想,甚至有助于颗粒物累积;早晚高峰时段大气颗粒物浓度较非高峰时段高。     

高压聚乙烯装置料仓闪燃隐患综合治理

介绍了茂名石化分公司化工事业部高压聚乙烯装置料仓闪燃隐患治理的情况.根据存在的问题从两个方面进行了改造:采用多重管重力掺混技术,降低气相粉尘浓度,减少静电积聚;在料仓底部增设通风口,增加氮气、空气反吹管等,减少可燃气体积聚.     

Determination of Microorganisms’ Attack on Some Flexible Polymers by Using Soil Burial Test Method

Many controversial issues have recently been associated with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (pPVC) used in building applications, mainly for flooring. One of them has to do with the health impact of some plasticizers and thermal stabilizers based on heavy metal compounds. Recent advances in the synthesis of polyolefins based on metallocene catalysts can yield similar flexibility for formulations as is now available for those based on pPVC. Polyolefin copolymers are considered to be possible replacements for pPVC. The soil burial test has demonstrated that highly filled polyolefin elastomer formulations having a significant percentage of post-consumer polyolefins (up to 60% in laboratory conditions) have interesting properties from the biodegradation point of view. They are more resistant to microorganisms’ attack than plasticized flooring formulations based on PVC that are currently used, even in a very harsh environment as soil, where complex mixtures of microorganisms are present. The effect of microorganisms’ attack after soil burial was evaluated by visual examination, weight loss, water absorption and changes in mechanical properties.