Use of sequential sampling of amphipod abundance to classify the biotic integrity of acid-sensitive lakes

A sequential sampling program using previously published zoobenthos data is described for ubiquitous, cost-effective biomonitoring of the effects of lake acidification. Spring densities of the littoral amphipodHyalella azteca are quantitatively sorted into five abundance catagories. An essential step in the a priori definition of decision criteria is the stratification of proportional densities per unit macrophyte biomass in relation to aqueous total phosphorus concentrations. Density rankings were related to lake acidity and to detailed lake-specific information on patterns ofHyalella life history and acid tolerance. Incorporation ofHyalella abundance as a potential metric for the assessment of the biological integrity of acid-sensitive waters is recommended. The temporal integration of transient changes in spring meltwater chemistry is an important rationale for the development of such biomonitoring procedures.     

特殊天气过程对大气污染物浓度的影响

本文采用绵阳市１９８２年秋季－１９８９年秋季大气例行监测的ＳＯ２浓度值和采样时段的天气过程分析特殊天气过程对大气污染物浓度的影响。     

涪陵地区农田径流水体中三氮含量及分布特征

本文在涪陵地区大面积和定点采集了农田径流水样品，测定了径流水体中的三氮含量。探讨了径流水体三氮随产流时间的变化，分析了干旱时间，水体流动等因素对三氮含量的影响。结果表明，干旱时间，径流水体流动对三氮含量有一定的影响。经统计分析，涪陵地区农田径流水体中的ＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ，ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ和Ｔ－Ｎ含量分别为０．８４０，０．９７０，０．１０７和２．０７ｍｇ／ｌ。     

A CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE TRANSFER DEVICE FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNI)S1

ABSTRACT: A sample transfer device was designed to provide a closed loop sampling system between a ground water sampling pump and a 40 ml volatile organic compound (VOC) vial. The same attachment can also be used with a bailer. The unit is constructed of a poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) body into which two stainless steel needles are press fitted. The needles puncture the Teflon septum of a vial; fluid flows through the longer needle into the vial and exits the vial from the shorter needle. The device eliminates sample transfer bias associated with head space, visible gas bubbles, and atmospheric contamination. Field sampling designed to determine differences in trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations presumedly due to the device were statistically significant in one case, and insignificant in the second.     

Human use and conservation planning in Alpine areas of Northwestern Yunnan,China

Alpine areas in northwestern Yunnan, China possess globally significant levels of biodiversity and are important locally for livelihood activities such as livestock grazing and medicinal plant collection. Because local land use has important impacts on alpine conditions and communities have significant capacity to manage alpine resources, we emphasized local collaboration during the initial stages of conservation planning. Our collaboration with local communities investigated how livelihood strategies affect the condition of alpine resources in northwestern Yunnan and how future conservation efforts can be compatible with local livelihoods. We sampled three livestock herding sites, each within a different alpine sub-region, using open-ended interviews and maximum variation sampling. According to interviewees, livestock grazing within the alpine zone currently does not appear to be negatively impacting the availability of forage. Medicinal plant collection, however, is showing unsustainable trends. Tourism is as yet a nascent industry, but is seen as having great potential by those interviewed. It is clear that with increases in population, access to regional markets, and tourism, northwestern Yunnan’s rich alpine resources will require careful management. In addition to the data collected, we found that the methodology used may be widely applicable to organizations with limited resources that wish to engage local communities during the formative stages of regional-level conservation planning.     

太湖流域农村公众环境意识案例研究

环境意识属上层建筑范畴,对环境行为具有指导意义。针对太湖流域日益严重的农业非点源污染,提高农村公众环境意识是控制该区水污染的主要措施之一。首次选取无锡市大浦镇14个行政村2.7万人为抽样框进行农村公众环境意识调查。结果表明：①居民对水环境污染的原因有了初步的认识,但与实际有明显偏差;②浅层次的局部的“日常生活环保型”环境意识依然存在;③居民在环保行为上为“政府依赖型”,整体参与环保意识不强;④居民获取环保信息渠道单一,政府对主要的信息发布渠道重视不足;⑤2003年该镇居民总支付意愿为55.3～98.2万元。     

Detecting Rare Species with Random or Subjective Sampling: a Case Study of Red-Listed Saproxylic Beetles in Boreal Sweden

Abstract:  Efficient sampling design in field studies is important for economical and statistical reasons. We compared two ways to distribute sampling effort over an area, either randomly or subjectively. We searched for red-listed saproxylic (wood-living) beetles in 30 spruce stands in boreal Sweden by sifting wood from dead trees. We randomly selected positions within each stand with a geographic positioning system and sampled the nearest dead tree (random sample). In the same stand we also sampled dead trees that, based on literature, were likely to host such species (subjective sampling). The subjective sampling (two to five samples per stand, depending on stand size) was compared with the higher, random sampling effort (fixed level of 12 samples/stand). Subjective sampling was significantly more efficient. Red-listed species were found in 36% of the subjective samples and in 16% of the random samples. Nevertheless, the larger random effort resulted in a comparable number of red-listed species per stand and in 13 detected species in total (vs. 12 species with subjective sampling). Random sampling was less efficient, but provided an unbiased alternative more suitable for statistical purposes, as needed in, for example, monitoring programs. Moreover, new species-specific knowledge can be gained through random searches.     

环境空气中短链氯化石蜡研究进展

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是碳链长度为10至13个碳原子的正构烷烃氯代衍生物。SCCPs具有持久性、生物累积性、长距离迁移能力、以及毒性作用。SCCPs已被《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》增列为持久性有机污染物审查范围内,引起了全球关注。SCCPs在环境各介质及生物体内均有检出,近年来,在室内空气和灰尘中也检出了大量SCCPs,其已成为人体暴露的一个重要来源。本文就大气环境及室内空气与灰尘中氯化石蜡(CPs)的采样与分析方法、污染水平与来源,及人体暴露概况进行了综合阐释,以期为我国大气和室内环境中CPs的研究工作提供参考。