入水角度对球体高速入水空泡特性影响研究

目的 针对球体高速入水过程中空泡的演化过程及运动特性展开研究,为弹体入水或空投鱼雷入水提供理论参考。方法 基于试验与数值模拟,主要讨论入水角度对球体高速入水过程中空泡生成、闭合、溃灭以及运动特性。结果 在球体入水过程中,根据入水空泡的形态特征,可以将入水过程分为入水冲击、空泡形成、空泡闭合和空泡溃灭4个阶段。在入水冲击阶段,球体头部承受的压力最大,且随着入水角度的减小,冲击阶段球体头部压力逐渐减小。在空泡闭合后,空泡的截面面积随着入水角度的增大而减小。在溃灭阶段,由于空泡溃灭夹断,会产生回射流,回射流的强度随着入水角度的减小而减小。在球体入水角度为30°时,溃灭夹断不会产生回射流。此外,球体以不同角度入水时,球体在水下的运动轨迹会发生不同程度的偏离,偏离程度随着入水角度的增大而减小,垂直入水时几乎未发生偏离。结论 入水角度对球体高速入水过程中空泡的演化过程及运动特性有较大影响,入水角度越小,球体入水后空泡截面积越大,总流动阻力系数Cd越大,且球体运动轨迹偏离越严重。     

催化快速测定法测定高氯高浓度有机废液的化学需氧量

化学化工等行业产生大量含无机盐的高浓度难降解有机废水,介绍了氯离子浓度和有机物浓度都大大超过测定范围的有机废水COD的测定方法。该方法当氯离子的浓度在20000～60000mg/L时,相对误差在0.15%～5.8%之间;并有较高的精密度,6次平行测定的结果相对标准差<2%;加标回收率为99%～101%;与标准方法相比不存在显著性差异。     

The Lyon-Turin High-Speed Rail: The Public Debate and Perception of Environmental Risk in Susa Valley,Italy

When the construction of the Lyon-Turin segment of the new European high-speed rail network was first publicly announced at the beginning of the 1990s, it immediately found fierce opposition from the inhabitants of Susa Valley, Italy, one of the areas to be cut across by such infrastructure. At issue were the project’s potential environmental impact and its consequences on public health. This study intends to clarify environmental risk perception and public debate between the national government, local advocacy groups, and the inhabitants of Susa Valley. Two major phases of public reaction were identified: (1) an initial rebellious period of no real dialog among the project’s major stakeholders (exemplified by the popular “No TAV” [No High Speed Train] movement), followed by (2) a yielding period of intense multilateral negotiations centered on the activities of the “Lyon-Turin Environmental Observatory.” The results of a qualitative cross analysis of the residents’ perception of the proposed high-speed rail revealed that public acceptance of risk in Susa Valley was influenced by the characteristics of hazards perceived by the residents and by the communicative approach used by the project’s various stakeholders. It also emerged that early dialog among all the parties involved was critical in forming a personal viewpoint on risk, which, once consolidated, defied new information and perspectives. Likely, a greater and earlier care taken by the other stakeholders to inform and consult the local population about the railway would have greatly eased the public debate.     

基于安全行车的高速铁路夕发朝至列车开行方案编制优化

针对京广高速铁路,研究基于安全行车的夕发朝至旅客列车开行方案优化问题。结合目前已有研究成果,对单线行车、转线2次、转线1次、等线运行四种开行模式适应性和安全性进行分析。分析列车运行径路,在安全行车、运行时间与停站要求的约束下,确定列车开行模式,以最佳旅行时间为目标函数,建立数学模型,得出优化的夕发朝至列车开行方案。根据开行方案和现有运营经验分析列车运行条件,提出高速线采用(8~10)min追踪间隔,既有线采用(10~12)min追踪间隔,速度系数为0.8,以最大化利用通过能力为目标,编制符合实际条件的列车开行方案。     

双洞单线高铁隧道列车中部火灾人员最优疏散模式研究

分析了双洞单线隧道疏散设计概况,针对隧道疏散最不利的列车中部火灾场景,建立了人员疏散路径选择网络模型。基于合理的假设,确定了双洞单线隧道列车中部火灾的5种疏散路径,并运用图解法求解出了最优疏散时间与列车位置关系的数学方程式,确定了最优疏散路径选择模式。通过pathfinder数值模拟对比分析可知,最优疏散路径选择模式的理论模型与模拟结果高度吻合,可以准确计算出人员安全疏散所需时间,对改善隧道疏散设计,减少人员伤亡具有重要意义。     

气候因素对沙尘天气影响的模型研究

气候因素是影响沙尘天气发生的必要条件,到目前为止,用定量模型研究气候因素对沙尘天气的影响还比较欠缺,针对这一情况,利用风速、降水、蒸发量、相对湿度和大风日数基本气象资料,提出了风速影响指数W和土壤湿度指数H,并给出了相应的指标计算方法,在此基础上建立了影响沙尘天气的气候影响指数D模型.同时选取了北京大兴、怀柔、门头沟、顺义四个区气象台站的气象资料(1961-1990年)进行模型应用,结果表明气候影响指数D和沙尘天气发生频率S有较好的线性相关性,与McTainsh的模型进行对比发现,该模型评价气候因素对沙尘天气影响作用的效果较显著.     

纳米生物炭的制备方法比较及其特性研究

本研究以常见农林废弃物—果木枝条、玉米秸秆和花生秸秆为原料,在350~550℃条件下热解制得五种本体生物炭;采用离心法、球磨法、球磨+离心法3种方法提取纳米生物炭,进而对本体生物炭和纳米生物炭的比表面积、元素含量、矿物组成和表面化学性质等进行比较,以探究物料来源、热解温度和制备方法对纳米生物炭性质及稳定性的影响.与本体生物炭相比,球磨法制得的纳米生物炭比表面积增大1.36~6.94倍,但产物未达到纳米颗粒级别,且在水体中稳定性较弱;球磨+离心法制得的纳米生物炭直径为70.06~103.43nm,在水体中稳定性强;离心法制备的纳米生物炭各项指标均不如其他两种方法.纳米生物炭的产率为2.27%~34.80%,且产率随温度的升高而降低.与本体生物炭相比,纳米生物炭含有更多的羟基等含氧官能团和更少的脂肪碳链.与果木枝条制备的纳米生物炭相比,玉米秸秆和花生秸秆来源的纳米生物炭产率高,但水稳性较差,易发生凝聚.果木枝条来源的纳米生物炭碳酸盐等碱性矿物含量丰富,且由于颗粒表面含氧官能团数量多而zeta电位绝对值高,悬液可以稳定分散.不同方法制备得到的纳米生物炭优缺点各异：球磨法制得的纳米生物炭比表面积更大;球磨+离心法制备的玉米和花生秸秆纳米生物炭的产率更高;低温热解果木炭提取的纳米生物炭水稳性更强.     

Fast Ferry Traffic as a Qualitatively New Forcing Factor of Environmental Processes in Non-Tidal Sea Areas: A Case Study in Tallinn Bay,Baltic Sea

The impact of wake wash from high-speed ferries on the coastal environment in non-tidal seas is analysed in terms of wave energy and power, and properties of the largest waves. Shown is that hydrodynamic loads caused by heavy high-speed traffic may play a decisive role not only in low-energy coasts but also in certain areas with high wind wave activity. For example, ship-generated waves form, at least, about 5–8% from the total wave energy and about 18–35% from the wave power in the coastal areas of Tallinn Bay exposed to dominating winds. The periods of wake waves from high-speed ships frequently are much larger than dominating periods of wind waves. The leading waves typically have a height of about 1 m and a period of 10–15 s. Such waves extremely seldom occur in natural conditions in many regions of semi-enclosed seas. They cause unusually high hydrodynamic loads in the deeper part of the nearshore. The fast ferry traffic thus is a qualitatively new forcing component of vital impact on the local ecosystem. It is demonstrated that wakes from high-speed ferries may trigger considerable changes of the existing balance of coastal processes. Owing to their low decay rates combined with their exceptional compactness after crossing many kilometres of the sea surface, such wakes may cause considerable remote impact of the ship traffic. This feature has to be addressed in the analysis of the impact of harbours and associated ship traffic in the neighbourhood of vulnerable areas.     

基于ANSYS的高速机夹式铣刀强度设计与安全性分析

当把离心力作为主要载荷进行高速铣刀的强度计算时,经典力学计算方法存在一定误差,不能满足安全性设计要求。笔者分析高速铣刀的离心力效应;建立高速机夹式端面铣刀强度设计有限元模型;模拟不同转速下刀具各组成部分的应力与变形的大小和分布;并结合分析结果,对高速铣刀安全性设计提出了改进意见。分析表明,对于100mm机夹式端面铣刀,当转速达到15000r/min时,螺钉的等效应力已达到材料的临界应力状态,出现明显的弯曲变形,刀片产生的位移达0.04mm。     

旅客行李对高速客车车厢火源热释放速率的影响研究

为了得到考虑旅客行李影响情况下的高速客车车厢火源热释放速率的合理取值范围,以CRH1型动车组二等座车厢为例,以锥型量热仪和大型量热仪测定的高速客车车体内材料和行李的燃烧性能为输入参数,运用FDS软件模拟9种火灾场景下车厢的火源热释放速率随时间的变化规律,分析行李重量对车厢火源热释放速率的影响。研究结果表明:旅客行李对高速客车车厢火源热释放速率的影响是与通风条件协同作用的结果;在车门与车窗关闭条件下,旅客行李对于火源热释放速率的贡献值基本可忽略;在车门开启与车窗关闭条件下,旅客人均携带10kg和20kg行李时,行李对车厢火源热释放速率的贡献值为0.24MW和0.6MW,贡献率为5%和11%;在车门与逃生车窗开启条件下,旅客人均携带10kg和20kg行李时,行李对车厢火源热释放速率的贡献值分别为1.3MW和3.8MW,贡献率分别为7%和21%。