工业燃煤排放二氧化硫征收排污费初探

江苏省大气污染及酸雨危害日益严重，迫切需要加强对二氧化硫排放的管理，征收工业燃煤排放二氧化硫排污费是解决问题的有效途径。从期望征收额占各主要燃煤行业工业产值的比重看将会产生较大的影响，建议二氧化硫排污费收费标准应低于０．２元／千克（二氧化硫）。     

亚热带丘陵区流域不同土地利用系统磷素径流输出特征

土地利用的环境影响是目前生态系统研究中的重要课题。以位于亚热带低山丘陵地区的安徽省宣城市梅村中2个相邻的支流域为实例,研究了具有不同土地利用结构的农－林生态系统地表径流水的磷素含量和输出。结果表明：林地－水塘－农田－村庄系统水溶性磷（DP）含量＞＞林地－水塘系统DP含量和林地－农田系统DP含量,后二者间没有显著性差异;林地－水塘－农田－村庄系统悬浮泥粒结合态磷（PAP）含量＞＞林地－农田系统PAP含量＞林地－水塘系统PAP含量,三者存在显著性差异。总磷的输出量为：林地－水塘－农田－村庄系统＞＞林地－农田＞林地－水塘系统。土地利用类型和结构对磷素输出有明显影响,村庄的存在显著地影响下游的水质,农田（水稻田）显著地增加悬浮颗粒和颗粒含磷的输出。流域磷素主要是随土壤泥粒的流失而输出,在3个系统中磷素的含量都以PAP的含量为主,占水中全磷量的73％－99％,平均为90％。流域3种土地利用系统地表径流水中的PAP的含量（PAP＜400mg/L时）均与悬浮泥粒的含量有一定的线性相关关系,而只有林地－水塘－村庄系统中DP含量与PAP含量存在对数相关关系。     

排污收费超标处罚--从《海洋环境保护法》、《大气污染防治法》看排污收费制度的改革

新修订的<海洋环境保护法>、<大气污染防治法>对排污收费制度进行了重大的改革.本文论述了排污收费制度存在的不足及此次重大修改的意义,以及进一步改革排污收费制度的法律思考.     

Analysis on the long term discharge of a catchment

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水污染控制指标交易市场的工作原理

为提高区域总量控制管理系统的效率,提供我国实施排污许可证有偿转让政策的理论依据,设计给出了两种水污染控制指标转让的交易市场模型并讨论其工作原理。     

广东省枯水径流时间演化规律的研究

枯水径流时间演化规律研究的内容非常广泛,如枯水径流发生的时间、频率分布、趋势和周期分析等,但从研究现状来看,处在丰水地区的广东省对枯水径流时间演化规律的研究还十分少见,因此文章根据广东省枯水所具备的特点,选取枯水径流发生时间和频率分布两个方面进行了研究。首先选取1956—2000年广东省境内8大水系上各控制站点的最小月径流量,采用统计分析的方法,对各站最小月径流量发生时间规律进行了研究,结果表明,广东省内出现最小月径流量的大多数月份是2月,占总统计月份数的32.3%,其次为12月、1月和3月;其次选取较为典型的西枝江流域九洲站1959—2002年44年间的实测径流最小日流量资料,分别采用两参数对数正态、P-Ⅲ型、对数P-Ⅲ型和耿贝尔型四种分布曲线进行适线,结果表明,P-Ⅲ型最为符合年最小日流量频率分布。     

Electrosensory basis for individual recognition in a weakly electric, mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus adspersus (Günther, 1866)

Pollimyrus adspersus discriminates the individually variable waveforms of Electric Organ Discharges (EODs) of conspecifics of only 150–250 s duration. We examined: (1) the discrimination threshold for artificially generated EODs of similar waveform, (2) the mechanism of signal analysis (spectral vs temporal) present, by determining the discrimination between different waveforms of identical amplitude spectra, and (3) the threshold field intensity and reach of discrimination. The triphasic P. adspersus EOD waveform was artificially generated by superimposing two Gaussians, one wide, the second narrow, inverted, and of threefold amplitude. The natural variability among individual EOD waveforms was simulated by phase-shifting one Gaussian relative to the other. The symmetrical waveform where the peaks of the two Gaussians coincided was used as a reference (phase shift=0, rewarded stimulus S+). Results were: (1) in food-rewarded conditioning experiments, trained fish (N=7) detected a phase-shift in artificial EOD stimuli as low as 2 s (N=2 fish), 6 s (N=1) and 10 s (N=1). (2) All fish tested (N=3) discriminated between artificial EODs of identical amplitude spectra but different waveforms (hence, different phase spectra), demonstrating a temporal mechanism of signal analysis. (3) The maximum reach of waveform discrimination was 130 cm at 4.9 V_p-p/cm and 100 S/cm water conductivity (test signal generated at natural amplitude), that is, similar to the reach of EOD detection. Therefore, among the three kinds of electroreceptor organ present in mormyrids, we consider Knollenorgane the relevant sensory organs for EOD waveform discrimination.Communicated by J. Krause     

Science and management in four U.S. coastal ecosystems dominated by land-ocean interactions

The influence of science in the recognition of the effects of landscape changes on coastal ecosystems and in the development of effective policy for managing and restoring these ecosystems is examined through four case studies: Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, the Mississippi Delta, and Florida Bay. These ecosystems have undergone major alterations as a result of changes in the delivery of water, sediments and nutrients from their watersheds. Both science and management have been challenged by the spatial, functional and temporal scale mismatches inherent in the watershed-coastal ecosystem relationship. Key factors affecting the influence of science on management include (1) sustained scientific investigation, responsive to but not totally defined by managers; (2) clear evidence of change, the scale of the change and the causes of the change; (3) consensus among the scientific communities associated with various interests; (4) the development of models to guide management actions; (5) identification of effective and feasible solutions to the problems.     

Stability and Mixing of a Vertical Axisymmetric Buoyant Jet in Shallow Water

The stability, mixing and effect of downstream control on axisymmetric turbulent buoyant jets discharging vertically into shallow stagnant water is studied using 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) combined with a buoyancy-extended k –ε model. The steady axisymmetric turbulent flow, temperature (or tracer concentration) and turbulence fields are computed using the finite volume method on a high resolution grid. The numerical predictions demonstrate two generic flow patterns for different turbulent heated jet discharges and environmental parameters (i) a stable buoyant discharge with the mixed fluid leaving the vertical jet region in a surface warm water layer; and (ii) an unstable buoyant discharge with flow recirculation and re-entrainment of heated water. A stratified counterflow region always appears in the far-field for both stable and unstable buoyant discharges. Provided that the domain radius L exceeds about 6H, the near field interaction and hence discharge stability is governed chiefly by the jet momentum length scale to depth ratio l_M/H, regardless of downstream control. The near field jet stability criterion is determined to be l_M/H = 3.5. A radial internal hydraulic jump always exists beyond the surface impingement region, with a 3- to 6-fold increase in dilution across the jump compared with vertical buoyant jet mixing. The predicted stability category, velocity and temperature/concentration fields are well-supported by experiments of all previous investigators.     

辉光放电等离子体技术处理印染废水的研究

用辉光放电等离子体技术对茜素红降解进行了研究，藉助紫外光谱分析了其降解过程，结果表明，在pH=7时，茜素红于60min便可以被完全降解，且其排放液接近无色，降解过程中溶液pH值降低，说明反应过程中可能有羧酸类物质生成．两电极间的距离与催化剂对降解率有显著影响，COD先升高后降低，若在Fe^2 存在时，反应只需10min，且COD值不断减小．