25 years of higher‐order confirmatory factor analysis in the organizational sciences: A critical review and development of reporting recommendations

We discuss how confirmatory factor analysis results should be used to examine potential higher‐order constructs and advocate that researchers present five types of evidence, which are as follows: (1) the ability of the higher‐order model to reproduce the observed covariation among manifest variables; (2) the ability of the higher‐order model to reproduce the observed covariation among manifest variables better than more parsimonious alternative models—and no less well than less parsimonious alternative models; (3) the ability of the higher‐order model to reproduce the observed covariation among lower‐order factors; (4) the ability of the higher‐order factor to explain variation in lower‐order factors; and (5) the ability of the higher‐order factor to explain variation in manifest variables. We illustrate how this type of evidence could be presented with a worked example and contrast our recommendations with the manner in which higher‐order confirmatory factor analysis has been used in the organizational sciences over the past 25 years to support claims regarding higher‐order constructs such as core self‐evaluations and transformational leadership. Our review shows that a substantial proportion of the 44 examined articles failed to present enough evidence to allow readers to understand the size and importance of higher‐order factors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

植物修复及强化调控系统根际土壤微生物研究综述

根际土壤微生物是植物修复及其强化修复技术的重要组成部分,了解根际土壤微生物生态效应有助于深入探索修复机制,从而进一步提高修复效率.微生物生态效应反映土壤生态变化,对于有效评估强化调控生态风险具有重要意义.在总结污染土壤植物修复根际微生物生态效应研究的基础上,综述强化调控措施与根际土壤微生物可能存在的相互影响,并分析利用微生物分子生态学技术评估强化调控措施施用风险的可行性.     

Alterations in microbial community during the remediation of a black-odorous stream by acclimated composite microorganisms

Microbial application is an efficient, economical, and ecofriendly method for remediating black-odorous rivers. In this study, the field treatment effect and microbial community changes were monitored during remediation by the acclimated complex microorganisms of a typical black-odorous stream. After the treatment, the total phosphorus and ammonia contents decreased by 74.0% and 76.3% and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen increased from 1.65 to 4.90 mg/L, indicating the effectiveness of the acclimated composite microorganisms. The proportion of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly by 48.1% and that of Firmicutes increased by 2.23% on average, and the microbial diversity index first increased and then tended to be uniform. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxidation-reduction potential together determined the composition of the microbial communities (p < 0.05). These findings showed that the acclimated composite microorganisms can effectively remediate the black odor.     

高职院校思想政治理论课实践教学探究

2011年教育部一号文件明确规定要把思想政治理论课（以下简称＂思政课＂）实践教学纳入正式教学环节。只有对思政课实践教学进行科学定义,厘清思政课实践教学与其他教学的区别和联系,找准当前存在的问题和不足,提炼出思政课实践教学的特点,进而建立科学规范的教学内容、教学方法、教学形式和考评机制,才能使其落到实处。     

Enhanced degradation of carbofuran in pacific northwest soils

Abstract

Persistence of ¹⁴C‐carbonyl carbofuran was measured in Pacific Northwest soils that had received 1–14 applications of the insecticide for root weevil control on perennial crops. Insecticide decay curves were obtained in nonautoclaved soil and several autoclaved soil samples from previously‐treated fields and in nonautoclaved soils from paired control sites not previously treated with carbofuran. The insecticide usually degraded faster in soil from previously‐treated fields than in soil from corresponding control fields. Among 26 previously‐treated fields, the pseudo half‐life (time for 50% loss) of carbofuran was < one wk in 11 soils, 1–3 wks in 8 soils and > 4 wks in the remaining soils. Among the nontreated control fields the pseudo half‐life was > than 2 wks in all cases and > than 15 wks in 5 of the soils. The carbofuran decay curve always possessed an initial lag phase where soil mixing enhanced insecticide decline. Carbofuran degraded very slowly in autoclaved soil samples. The half‐life of carbofuran exceeded 16 wk in all autoclaved soils tested and in most instances 85–90% of the original dosage remained when the tests were terminated 112 days after treatment. These results provided evidence that many of the soils which received applications of carbofuran over the past several years have developed a capacity to degrade carbofuran very rapidly.     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

基于好氧甲烷氧化菌的反硝化效能及微生物群落研究

采用气体循环序批式生物膜反应器（gcSBBR）,构建反硝化型甲烷好氧氧化（AME-D）系统.考察了进水氮负荷的影响,发现氮负荷为0.075kg/（m³·d）时,硝酸盐氮去除率达到98.93%,其反硝化速率为74.25mg/（L·d）,系统的甲烷日平均消耗量为35.91%（初期为50%）;扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析结果显示,系统中的微生物主要以短杆菌（12~18 μm）为主,并存在少量的丝状菌（长150~200μm）;16S rRNA高通量测序结果显示,该系统中的甲烷氧化菌为Methylocaldum、Methylomonas、Methylococcus和Methylococcaceae_unclassified,反硝化菌为Denitratisoma、Hydrogenophaga、Azoarcus、Thiobacillus和Rhodobacter,其中主要的功能微生物为Methylocaldum、Denitratisoma和Hydrogenophaga,系统对氮的去除是由好氧甲烷氧化菌与反硝化菌协同实现.此外,系统中存在大量以甲醇和甲基胺类物质为生长基质的Methylophilaceae_uncultured（30.4%）.     

高有机负荷冲击对填料型MBR运行性能的影响

针对分散式农村生活污水有机负荷变化明显的特点,研究了填料型厌氧-缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器（A²O-MBR）抗高有机负荷的能力,考察了高有机负荷冲击对污染物去除效果、悬浮和附着污泥性质以及膜污染的影响.结果表明,高负荷冲击期间污染物去除稳定,氨氮去除率在冲击第3d从99.1%下降到78.5%,出水氨氮浓度高于5mg/L,随后去除率恢复至97.6%;悬浮和附着微生物的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量增加;附着生物量显著增加;细胞外聚合物（EPS）增加;高有机负荷冲击期间膜污染更严重,膜面污染层EPS含量显著增加;太阳能微动力A²O-MBR系统能减少10%的碳排放.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化菌小球处理猪场沼液

采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠-壳聚糖为载体、自行筛选的高效脱氨氮菌为目标菌制备固定化菌小球,用于去除猪场沼液中的氨氮.优化了固定化小球的制备条件,考察了废水处理条件对氨氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,固定化菌小球的最佳制备条件为：壳聚糖投加量20g/L、海藻酸钠投加量10g/L、目标菌种包埋量2：5（V/V）.处理含氨氮废水时,在不调节废水pH值的条件下,当固定化菌小球投加量为15g/L、反应时间为4h时,氨氮的去除率为93.9%,其中吸附作用对氨氮的去除率为64.3%,微生物作用对氨氮的去除率为29.6%.扫描电镜表征结果表明,处理废水后,固定化菌小球外部及内部微生物数量明显增多.动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,固定化菌小球对废水中氨氮的去除过程符合准二级反应动力学方程（R²=0.9252）和Langmuir等温线方程（R²=0.9578）.     

高职旅游管理专业课程教学方法初探

高职旅游管理专业教学改革的方向是:采用启发式教学,推动参与式教学,引进模拟教学,加强电化教学和把有实践经验的旅游专业人员请进课堂教学.