A straightforward green synthesis of N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)imines

A straightforward and environment-friendly protocol for the synthesis of valuable chiral N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)imines has been developed. Different from traditional process with benzaldehydes as substrates, arylmethyl alcohols, benzylthiol, dibenzyl ether, thioether, and disulfide are used as alternative substrates to react with tert-butanesulfinamide in the presence of KO^tBu under air for the synthesis of chiral N-(tert-butylsulfinyl)imines. This is a transition metal-free, mild, cost-effective, and simple process.     

镇江内江湿地植物群落演替过程中土壤养分动态研究

镇江内江湿地是由长江携带的泥沙在镇江内江特有的水文条件下淤积而成,形成于江滩裸地上的植物群落开始了群落的原生演替过程。在此过程中,湿地的土壤养分状况随着植被的演替更迭,发生着协同演化的过程。为了进一步丰富群落演替理论,通过研究群落演替过程中不同阶段以及同一演替阶段不同层次土壤养分状况的时空变化,探索演替过程中的不同植被类型和土壤养分变化的内在联系及其互作效应。结果表明,随着演替进行,土壤的养分状况趋于改善,土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量呈上升趋势,只有速效钾的含量在后期芦苇阶段明显降低,这主要是由于收割芦苇将富含钾素的芦苇植株带出湿地系统所致。由于植物根系分布及枯落物多少的差异,使得各营养成分的垂直分布各异。     

壳聚糖季铵盐的合成及其絮凝性能

对壳聚糖进行季铵化改性制得壳聚糖季铵盐,用于味精废水的絮凝实验证明了其絮凝性能较壳聚糖好,投药量低,ｐＨ值适用范围宽,絮体沉降快且含水率低,是一种具有良好反应活性的高分子絮凝剂。     

浅析盐雾环境对火工药剂安定性能的影响

目的 获取海洋生态环境条件下火工药剂性能变化的规律,开展火工药剂在盐雾环境中的安定性试验研究,以保障火工药剂的可靠性。方法 通过SEM成像技术和X–射线衍射技术表征2种典型起爆药叠氮化铅(Lead Azide,LA)和斯蒂芬酸铅(Lead Styphnate,LS)在盐雾试验前后微观形貌及组分的变化,并结合DSC热分析技术,从热分解动力学角度,开展火工药剂在盐雾环境影响下失效机理的研究。结果 在盐雾环境应力的影响下,LA的长柱状晶体结构发生脆化,层裂成不规则的小片状晶型,且随着盐雾试验时间的增加,LA的热分解反应峰会逐渐前移,试验后产物组分只有Pb(OH)Cl,其本质安定性显著下降。LS受盐雾环境应力的影响,其棱柱状晶体结构会层裂为小片状晶型,且部分LS分解形成Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂,导致其安定性降低。结论 2种典型火工药剂LA和LS受盐雾环境应力因素的影响,都会发生失效分解反应,与LA相比,LS在盐雾环境下具有更加稳定的安定性能。     

高锰酸钾预氧化控制氯/氯胺消毒的卤乙酸生成量

结合南方某市典型受污染水源,研究了高锰酸钾预氧化对后继氯或氯胺消毒工艺中卤乙酸(HAAs)生成量和生成形态的影响.研究结果表明,氯胺消毒比自由氯消毒可降低HAAs生成量60%～80%左右;通过一致性生成条件试验比较表明,高锰酸钾的最佳投量范围是0.5mg·L-1～1.5 mg·L-1,在高锰酸钾为1.0mg·L-1的条件下,后续氯消毒工艺的HAAs生成量降低了30.9%;而后续氯胺消毒工艺的HAAs生成量则降低了25.3%;高锰酸钾预氧化对DCAA生成量的影响相对较大;高锰酸钾预氧化可降低氯/氯胺消毒工艺的HAAs生成量.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中钾盐浸出研究

通过物理化学表征手段和多因素水浸试验对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质和飞灰中钾盐浸出规律进行研究.结果表明,飞灰的主要成分为CaO、KCl和NaCl,平均粒径为12.599μm,水洗后的飞灰颗粒粒径会变大,而比表面积变小.粒径范围0.037~0.075 mm飞灰中的金属元素含量对飞灰金属总量贡献率全部在60%左右.浸出过程中,在pH=12的条件下,搅拌强度为400 r·min~(-1),浸出温度为90℃,采用液固质量比为5∶1能使氯化钾的浸出率达到90%以上.浸出液中含有大量的可溶性氯化钾表明飞灰中的钾盐可以通过水洗、过滤、纯化、分布结晶的方式收,氯化钾晶体纯度可达到90%.     

某核废液处理厂的火灾爆炸事故解析(Ⅱ) 氧化剂盐粒子的大小及微观结构对沥青固化物的固—液表面氧化还原反应特性的影响

就不同粒径及微观构造的氧化剂盐粒子制备的沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性用高感度量热仪(C80微量量热仅)进行了测定.结果表明,当氧化剂盐粒子的微观构造基本相同时,随粒径的减小,制作的沥青固化物的反应开始温度向低温方向偏移,低温领域的发热量增大.当粒径的大小及其分布基本相同时,沥青固化物的氧化还原反应特性随粒子的微观构造的不同表现出较大的差异,由针状结晶构成的多孔状粒子制成的沥青固化物的反应开始温度低、低温领域的发热量较大.     

湖南烟区烤烟钾含量与土壤钾素的分布特点之间的关系

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,分析了湖南烟区烤烟钾含量与土壤钾含量的分布特点及相互关系,结果表明:湖南烟区土壤全钾质量比偏低,平均为14.92 g·kg-1,有19.90%的土样全钾质量比低于10 g·kg-1;土壤速效钾质量比较低(140.28 mg·kg-1),10.80%土壤样品中速效钾质量比≤80 mg·kg-1,63.04%土壤样品中速效钾质量比在80～160 mg·kg-1之间.不同产地间相比较,全钾质量比由高到低顺序为:凤凰、张家界、龙山、宁乡、常德、怀化、浏阳、永州、桂阳;速效钾质量比的高低顺序与全钾质量比有所不同.湖南烟区烤烟钾质量分数适中,平均为2.28%,不同等级烟叶钾质量分数的变化规律是X2F＞C3F＞B2F.各等级烟叶的钾质量分数在不同产地间差异均达到0.05显著水平.在对土壤速效钾质量比分组后,烟叶钾质量分数随着土壤速效钾质量比的增加而增加,其中在速效钾质量比较低时,烟叶钾质量分数增加速度较快.在相关分析基础上,建立了土壤养分与烤烟钾质量分数的逐步回归方程,所筛选得到的4个土壤因子(水溶性氯、有机质、交换性钙和速效钾)对烤烟钾质量分数的影响均达到极显著水平.     

Size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China coastal city

Aerosol samples were collected in summer in Macao,a coastal city of the Pearl River Delta Region in China.Morphology,size,elemental composition,and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Based on the morphologies of 5711 aerosol particles,they consist of soot(32%),mineral(17%),secondary(22%),and unknown fine particles(29%).The sizes of these particles were mostly distributed between 0.1 and 0.4 μm.Compositions of 202 mineral particles were obtained by SEM/EDX.Mineral particles were mainly classified into three types:Si-rich,Ca-rich,and Na-rich.The compositions of typical mineral particles can indicate their sources in sampling location.For example,mineral particles,collected along the main street,were associated with trace amounts of heavy metals,such as Zn,Ti,Mn,Ba,Pb,and As.TEM observations indicate that most Na-rich particles were aged sea salt particles(e.g.,Na2SO4 and NaNO3) which formed through heterogeneous chemical reactions between sea salt and acidic gases.Additionally,aging time of soot was short in Macao due to high humidity,high temperature,and high levels of sunlight in Macao.Most of soot and fine mineral dust particles were internally mixed with secondary particles.     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.