农田土壤重金属污染评价方法研究--以长江三角洲典型县级市常熟市为例

在工业化、现代化过程中,经济发达地区土壤污染是一个十分值得重视的问题,如何合理、恰当地对这些地区的土壤环境质量进行评价也是众所关注和值得探讨的。为此,以长江三角洲典型县级市常熟市为研究对象,在探讨土壤环境背景值的含义、确定方法、评价标准的基础上,通过田间采样和室内分析,对常熟市土壤重金属含量进行调查,并以当地土壤环境背景值上限值和GB 15618—1995土壤环境质量标准二级标准值为评价标准,分别对该市土壤重金属中7种重金属元素(Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn)污染状况进行评价。结果表明,以当地土壤环境背景值上限值为标准进行评价,7种重金属均有超过背景值现象,其中以Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn问题较多,超标率达13.6%~20.4%。而以GB 15618—1995土壤环境质量标准二级标准值进行评价,则Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn均有超标,Hg有30.6%的土壤样品超标,As、Cr不超标。因此认为采用双重标准进行土壤环境污染状况的评价,可以较全面地了解当地土壤污染状况。     

基于重金属污染的耕地生态承载力改进模型研究

将耕地重金属污染引入耕地生态足迹研究中,对传统耕地生态承载力模型进行了改进,并以江苏省为例进行实证研究.结果表明,运用改进的生态承载力模型计算所得2005年江苏省人均耕地生态承载力为0.127 hm2,比传统模型计算结果0.134 hm2小;人均耕地生态赤字为0.067 hm2,比传统模型计算结果0.060 hm2大;耕地生态可持续指数为0.39,比传统模型计算结果0.41小,但2种模型计算方式下耕地利用均属于弱不可持续状态.与传统模型计算结果相比,改进模型所得结果能够反映江苏省耕地利用的实际情况,以及重金属污染对江苏耕地可持续利用所产生的负面影响.     

工业城市农田土壤重金属时空变异及来源解析

环境政策调控对农田土壤重金属富集趋势影响显著.本研究以典型工业城区周边农田为例,采用经典统计与地统计方法分析土壤Cd、 Pb、 Cu和Zn含量变化及时空分布特征,并采用PCA/APCS模型对土壤Cd、 Pb、 Cu和Zn污染来源及变化进行分析.结果表明,与2011年相比, 2017年研究区土壤Cd、 Pb、 Cu和Zn含量整体呈增加趋势.空间分布上Cd和Pb含量在2个时期均表现为从西北向东南逐渐降低,Cu和Zn含量在2011年表现为从北向南逐渐降低, 2017年表现为从西北向东南逐渐降低.与2011年相比, 2017年工业污染源对Cd、 Cu和Zn贡献率分别增加5.58%、 10.4%和20.4%,对Pb贡献率降低19.7%;其它源对Cd和Pb贡献率分别增加3.76%和24.8%,对Cu和Zn贡献率分别降低9.27%和4.31%.相关举措降低了工业污染源带来的区域土壤Pb累积,但对Cd、 Cu和Zn污染防控并不明显,新的Cd和Pb污染源需引起重视.     

Land‐use trade‐offs between tree biodiversity and crop production in the Atlantic Forest

Trade‐offs in ecosystem services (ES) have received increasing attention because provisioning services often come at the expense of biodiversity loss. When land‐use patterns are not maximally efficient relative to productivity, provisioning services, such as crop production, can often be increased without losing biodiversity. The Atlantic Forest (AF) encompasses dense, mixed, and seasonal forests and has high levels of endemism and anthropogenic threat. We examined trade‐offs between biodiversity and crop production in the AF to provide insights into land‐use management decisions. We developed a biodiversity metric that combines information on tree species richness, evolutionary distinctiveness, and rarity at the local level. We examined the extent to which the nature of ES trade‐offs differ among the 3 forest types. We assessed how annual deforestation rates and land management practices affect biodiversity and agricultural revenues. Finally, we tested whether it is possible to achieve the same total regional revenue without reducing biodiversity by improving local management practices. The 3 forest types had similar patterns in ES trade‐offs, although within mixed forest patterns differed. Biodiversity appeared to be more sensitive to land‐use change than crop revenues. Certain crops yielded up to 10 times higher values in some sites. Enhanced crop productivity may increase revenues without reducing biodiversity. Our results showed that to enhance human well‐being without further conversion of AF, maximizing crop productivity is needed . Increasing efficiency of management outcomes by maintaining higher biodiversity and increasing provisioning services depends on knowledge of forest type, the comparative advantage of planting crops in the best places, and preserving species in a balanced manner across forests.     

EFFECTS OF INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION ON STREAM DISCHARGE FROM RHODE RIVER SUBWATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between precipitation at the seasonal and annual scale and water discharge per surface area for seven contiguous first - and second-order tributaries of the Rhode River, a small tidal tributary to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. The goal was to quantify the effects of a wide range of precipitation, representative of inter-annual variations in weather in this region. The discharges measured included both overland storm flows and groundwater, since the aquifers were perched on a clay aquiclude. Precipitation varied from 824 to 1684 mm/yr and area-weighted Rhode River watershed discharge varied from 130 to 669 mm/yr with an average of 332 mm/yr or 29.1 percent of average precipitation. Average annual dis. charges from three first-order watersheds were significantly lower per surface area and varied from 16.0 to 21.9 percent of precipitation. Winter season precipitation varied from 125 to 541 mm. Area-weighted Rhode River winter discharge varied from 26.3 to 230 mm with an average of 115 mm or 43.9 percent of average precipitation. Spring season precipitation varied from 124 to 510 mm and watershed discharge varied from 40.0 to 321 mm with an average of 138 mm or 46.9 percent of average precipitation. In the summer and fall seasons, watershed discharge averaged 40.6 and 40.9 mm or 13.5 and 14.3 percent of average precipitation, respectively. Except in winter, the proportion of precipitation discharged in the streams increased rapidly with increasing volume of precipitation. Stream order showed a higher correlation with volume of discharge than vegetative cover on the watershed.     

围场县农田典型药物和个人护理品污染特征与生态风险预评价

利用超声萃取-固相萃取-高效液相色谱/串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术,对围场县全县农田中5个大类(磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类以及其他类)25种典型药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的污染水平进行了调查,并采用风险熵法对其进行生态风险预评价。结果表明:有23种目标PPCPs被检出,不同目标物检出率差异显著,检出含量范围为0.38~6.50μg·kg-1,单种污染物最高检出浓度为101.9μg·kg-1(磺胺甲恶唑)。以目标物划分,分别有7种和5种被检出物质达到生态高风险和中等风险水平;以采样区域划分,41个土壤点位中分别有17个和12个达到生态高风险和中等风险水平。畜用PPCPs是围场农田中PPCPs污染物的主要来源,兽药滥用、粪便自然堆沤等传统农耕模式有造成农田土壤中PPCPs累积的趋势,因此需严控PPCPs污染源头,并推进畜禽粪便安全的资源化利用,以减缓农田土壤中由于PPCPs污染带来的潜在生态风险,保障围场地区生态环境功能、农田环境质量以及农产品安全品质。     

Is there a Kuznets curve for cropland use? The evidence from international panel data

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis assumes the nonlinear relationship between production and its environmental effects, suggesting that the negative effect of production on the natural environment is reversed at higher levels of development. In contrast to the majority of the studies, this paper considers the possibility of non-linear effects of per capita output on agricultural land use (cropland), as one of the natural resource stocks, and additionally examines the influence of demographic and productivity variables on the agricultural land use. The study draws on panel data from 143 economies over the 1990–2019 period and employs a series of panel econometrics techniques (including panel unit root and cointegration tests, panel ordinary least squares, generalized method of moments, and panel quantile models). The results unequivocally indicate the inverted U-shaped relationship between the GDP per capita and cropland use, as per EKC hypothesis. The results are robust with respect to employing different techniques, the identified turning points correspond to low and low-middle-income levels, and the effects of agricultural productivity and population density on land use are respectively negative and positive.     

历史遗产可持续发展模式与策略研究——以历史文化名城阆中为例

在当前我国城市化进程和西部大开发的时代背景中,历史文化名城阆中具有一定的代表性,集中地凸现着历史遗产保护与城市发展的矛盾冲突。本文通过对阆中的实地调研,结合可持续发展观,提出了以可持续发展思想为基础的历史文化名城可持续发展的理念。通过分析历史文化名城可持续发展内涵,构建了阆中可持续发展模式,并从保护、经营、传承三方面总结了可持续发展策略。     

近20 a陕北地区耕地变化及其对农田生产力的影响

陕北地区耕地开垦和生态保护与建设工程等对耕地资源的空间分布格局产生了重要影响,并进一步影响农田生产力。论文基于中高分辨率卫星遥感数据,经人机交互目视解译和实地验证,生成陕北地区1990、2000和2010年耕地现状以及前后两个10 a耕地动态数据集。利用光能利用率遥感模型,结合中分辨率、长时间序列卫星遥感数据估算陕北地区农田净初级生产力,分析耕地变化对农田生产力的影响。结果表明,陕北地区耕地面积及其生产力在研究期前10 a小幅增长,后10 a明显减少。耕地减少的最主要原因是生态退耕,城市化也是耕地减少的原因之一。总体而言,20 a来,陕北地区耕地资源总面积净减少42.56%;受耕地面积变化的影响,同期农田净初级生产力下降了41.90%。研究对于评估陕北地区耕地安全和粮食安全,指导区域土地利用科学规划,具有重要意义。     

退耕还林补偿政策与农户响应的关联分析——以冀西北地区为例

按照农户退耕还林选择以利益最大化为目标的经济学假设，本文应用成本效益分析方法，构建了国家补偿政策与农户响应的关联分析模型。并应用该模型对研究区被调查农户进行实证分析，得到对退耕还林的经济效益预期是农户退耕还林意愿的决定因素的基本结论。为此，从充分尊重农民意愿、加快农村剩余劳动力转移、加强基本农田建设、提高农民文化素质等方面，提出了保障退耕还林生态工程有效实施的措施建议。