Socioeconomic determinants of long-term cropland fallowing: smallholders in north-western Uganda

SUMMARY

Long-term cropland fallowing decisions of farmers in the West Nile Province of Uganda were studied. Tabular and regression methods are used to examine the relationship between farm and household factors and seasons of net fallowing. The results show that farmers plan to decrease the rate of fallowing in the immediate future. Serious (but undocumented) problems in maintaining cropland productivity could result. Population density had a large and negative effect on net fallowing (seasons of fallowing less seasons of crops), decreasing from the current average of ?0.6 seasons to ?2.21 seasons for a doubling of population. This 268% decrease in the use of fallowing could occur in as few as 13.5 years, assuming a 3% annual population growth rate. Farms larger in size, but with no increase in per capita cropland availability, had a higher rate of net fallowing. Cashcrop production was negatively associated with net fallowing, whilst farmer age had a positive association.

The results have implications for both agricultural policy and guidance for further research on cropland fallowing. Increased cash-cropping should not be recommended unless the full economic costs of using land resources are evaluated. Much of the increased area for cash-crop production would come from fallowed land, decreasing the rate of fallowing and thus increasing the potential for soil degradation. Fallowing has long been used in the area to maintain cropland productivity. Building upon farmers current practices and improving fallowing through the use of green manures and agroforestry could prove to be more economical than the use of mineral fertilizers. Investigating why farms larger in size and those with older head-of-households were able to use fallowing more effectively may provide key information for the development of more productive fallowing technologies.     

基于Agent的城市扩张占用耕地动态模型及模拟

与传统的在景观尺度上对城市扩张占用耕地时空特征及其演变规律的研究不同,论文从微观层面提出基于Agent 的城市扩张占用耕地动态模型（Urban Encroachment on CroplandDynamic Model,UECDM）,多角度深入探索耕地向城市用地转变的驱动机理及其时空动态特征,并提出协调二者平衡的可持续发展对策。在UECDM模型中引入视域分析,通过模拟地形和观察点将视觉景观的量化评价结果应用到居民居住区位决策过程,从而分别构建包含可视域的能够更全面表征环境要素及其内部关系的元胞自动机层和不同类型Agent 相互作用的多智能体层,兼顾人类决策行为和城市空间生长自组织性。应用该模型对天津城市扩张占用耕地进行动态模拟研究,并从数量与空间格局两方面展开精度验证,Kappa 系数达到0.795,依据4 个景观格局指数计算得到模拟结果的平均相对误差为3.86%,表明模型具有较高可信度。对不同时期模拟结果的分析表明,天津城市扩张占用耕地空间主要表现为“摊大饼”式外延扩展和跳跃式“卫星城”,研究结果将为未来城市发展规划和耕地保护提供决策支持。     

青海乐都县30a来农田表层土壤有机碳储量变化特征

青海省地处高寒区,近几十年来针对这一区域农田生态系统中土壤有机碳(SOC)库变化及其影响因素的研究较少.研究利用第二次土壤普查数据(1982 年),结合近期(2011 年)重复采集的田间土壤样品,以土壤类型为单元,对县域尺度(青海乐都县)农田表层(0~20 cm)SOC库的时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明:① 乐都县1982 年表层有机碳密度(SOCD)为3.8kg·m^-2,2011 年降低至2.8 kg·m^-2,30 a 间降幅达26%,且呈东北部和南部降低、西北地区增加的趋势;② 乐都县1982 年表层SOC储量1.8×10⁶ t,2011 年1.4×10⁶ t,30 a 间降幅达24%;③ 土壤类型中,草甸土、栗钙土和黑钙土表现为丢碳,速率分别为-137.3、-35.0、-91.0 g C·m^-2·a^-1,潮土和灰钙土表现为固碳,速率分别为9.7、7.3 g C·m^-2·a^-1,且30 a 来各土类SOCD变化率与1982 年SOCD呈负线性相关(y=0.35-0.13x).     

CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION AND OVERBANK FLOW IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT1

ABSTRACT: Historic changes in stream channel morphology were investigated in the Georgia Piedmont to better understand the hydrologic processes and functioning of the region's riverine systems. USGS gaging station data and channel geomorphology data were collected from thirty study sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin for flood frequency analysis. Historic and modern (i.e., present-day) channel capacity discharge (i.e., overbank flow) was calculated using Manning's equation and historic channel cross-section records. The recurrence interval for overbank flow was estimated for each site from flood frequency data. Results indicate that channel expansion has occurred throughout the basin, especially in upper reaches. Recurrence intervals for modern overbank events were variable and generally high ranging from < 2 to > 500 years for first to third order streams. They were less variable and lower for fourth and fifth order streams, ranging from < 2 to 3 years. Potential depositional thresholds were identified that exemplify the complex response of sediment distribution patterns throughout the basin. Results indicate overbank flows occur less frequently now than they once did due to historic accelerated sedimentation and subsequent channel expansion. One application of these findings is that these basin processes are likely applicable across the region and may impact the hydrologic functioning of associated Piedmont riverine wetlands that depend on flooding regimes.     

湖北省耕地非农化压力的时空演变格局

耕地非农化压力及其区域差异是建设用地指标区际配置的基础。湖北省社会经济发展与城镇化水平存在显著的区域差异,耕地非农化压力区际差异明显。通过对比人均建设用地指标的理论值与实际值之间的差异开展湖北省耕地非农化压力的时空格局研究,结合重心迁移模型,采用Arc GIS空间分析方法揭示了湖北省耕地非农化压力的时空演化路径。结果表明:(1)湖北省耕地非农化压力存在显著的区域差异,西部地区中恩施市的耕地非农化压力较大,其他城市耕地非农化压力较小且相对变化较小;东部地区的耕地非农化压力较大且相对变化较大;(2)2000~2011年,湖北省耕地非农化压力的重心总体向东北方向迁移,表明湖北省东部一些城市的耕地非农化压力相对西部一些城市的增长较大。(3)重心迁移距离为17.37 km,相对较小,表明湖北省耕地非农化压力于2000~2011年整体变化相对稳定。     

Per-capita estimations of long-term historical land use and the consequences for global change research

Changes in land use and land cover are important in global climate change, but the many uncertainties in historical estimates seriously hamper climate modelling. We collected new data on estimated per capita land use over the last two millennia, using new data sources from the Humanities. In general, and in agreement with literature, we found that per capita land use indeed has not been constant in the past, but differ per region and over time. Land use in the distant past was mostly less than 1 ha/cap. However, the recently colonised regions show much higher values and have experienced a much higher per capita land use for the recent past. Most known trajectories follow a concave or bell-shaped curve towards the present.     

Farmland damage and its impact on the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources in the eastern plains of China

The subsidence caused by coal mining in areas where cropland and coal resources overlap in the eastern plains of China with high ground water levels has caused large amounts of water to collect in cropland, significant damage to cropland, and a sharp contradiction between people and land distribution within this region. Systematic analysis and calculation were conducted on these areas by using GIS spatial overlay analysis technology, subsidence and occupied cropland estimation models, and crop yield reduction prediction model to reveal the overlapped characteristics and extent of farmland damage, as well as to evaluate the effects of farmland damage to grain yield, farmland landscape, agricultural population, and dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land. Results showed that the overlapped areas of cropland and coal resources on the eastern plains of China occupied an area covering 1.33 × 10⁵ km², which accounted for 31.93% of the total cropland area. In 2020, the accumulative total area of destroyed cropland reached 3.83 × 10³ km², thus reducing grain yield by 9.63 × 10⁸ kg, and increasing the number of landless farmers to 1.91 × 10⁶. Furthermore, the quality and production capacity of cultivated land decreased, farmland landscape patterns changed, land patterns and structures were adjusted, the dynamical equilibrium of the total cultivated land was difficult to guarantee, and social instability increased in coal mining subsidence areas. These findings provided a scientific basis for relevant government departments to enact countermeasures for the coordinative production of coal and grain.     

基于长期试验资料对中国农田表土有机碳含量变化的估算

分析了文献报道的我国26个长期试验站点29个长期试验的农田土壤有机碳变化情况,并据此分析了近20年来我国农田土壤表层有机碳储量的可能变化范围。收集的长期试验涉及水稻土、红壤、黑土、棕壤、潮土等15种土壤类型。选择每一长期试验的不施肥对照(0类)、有机碳含量增长最慢或下降最快(I类)、增长最快或下降最慢(II类)、纯化肥NPK平衡施肥(III类)4种处理进行分析,分别代表极端耗竭、不合理施肥、增长潜力和常见施肥情景下的土壤有机碳含量(储量)变化。结果表明,对照土壤的有机碳含量变化速率平均为-0.06g·kg-1·a-1;I、II、III类处理情景下土壤有机碳含量变化率分别为-0.008g·kg-1·a-1、0.29g·kg-1·a-1和0.05g·kg-1·a-1。据此推算,在极端耗竭情景下,过去20年全国农田表土有机碳贮量减少419Tg;在I、II或III类处理情景下,农田表层土壤有机碳储量变化分别为下降99Tg、增加1.56Pg和增加208Tg。II类和III类处理情景的有机碳储量变化量差值表明,我国农田表层土壤具有较大的固碳潜力。     

长江三角洲耕地数量变化趋势及总量动态平衡前景分析

论文利用长江三角洲地区近50年长序列耕地统计、近10多年土地利用调查数据及相关社会经济资料,重点从长江三角洲耕地数量变化的阶段性及与经济发展水平之间关系宏观分析的角度,探讨该区未来10～15年耕地变化趋势及实施区域耕地总量动态平衡的可能性。分析表明,长江三角洲耕地面积随人均GDP的增长呈良好的指数减少关系,人均GDP低于12000元/人,经济增长占用耕地的压力较大;人均GDP超过30000元/人时,这种压力将开始显著减缓。现阶段长江三角洲仍处于经济发展对耕地的压力较大的发展阶段,但已较1995年前明显减轻,估计至2004年前后,该区经济增长对耕地的压力将开始得到缓解。按现有的土地复垦整理补充耕地的投资力度,至2010年耕地面积仍将比1998年减少5.5×104hm₂左右,若加大复垦整理的投资力度至现状水平的2倍,则保持耕地数量不减少也是可能实现的。     

某铅锌矿区农田重金属分布特征及其风险评价

为进一步探讨铅锌矿开采和冶炼地区农田重金属污染的分布特征和污染途径,以会泽县者海镇铅锌矿区周边农田土壤为研究对象,共布设496个采样点,测定表层土壤中重金属（Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn）的含量.利用自然邻点法对表层土壤中重金属含量进行插值拟合,以空间三维模型研究该地区农田土壤重金属污染特征,运用单因子指数、综合污染指数和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度进行评价,采用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析识别污染途径.结果表明：Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量平均值（mg/kg）分别是云南省背景值的33.05、5.83、12.02、4.89和16.33倍;Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn含量空间分布表现为西北部浓度最高,且中部高于东西两侧,而Cu与此相反;单因子指数评价结果显示99.8%的土样达到Cd重度污染,其次是Cu（82.06%）、Zn（62.50%）;综合污染指数表明,研究区均处于重度污染程度,西北部尤为严重;综合生态风险评价表明,中部风险高两边低,Cd的贡献率最大占61%;相关分析结果显示,Zn、Cd、Pb、Hg之间呈显著正相关性（P < 0.01）,表明其污染途径相近;主成分分析和聚类分析表明,Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn污染途径主要与人类活动有关,Cu主要受自然因素影响,因此对该地区土壤重金属的修复和治理应综合考虑人为因素和自然因素的影响.