Contrasting ecological information content in whaling archives with modern cetacean surveys for conservation planning and identification of historical distribution changes

Many species are restricted to a marginal or suboptimal fraction of their historical range due to anthropogenic impacts, making it hard to interpret their ecological preferences from modern-day data alone. However, inferring past ecological states is limited by the availability of robust data and biases in historical archives, posing a challenge for policy makers . To highlight how historical records can be used to understand the ecological requirements of threatened species and inform conservation, we investigated sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution in the Western Indian Ocean. We assessed differences in information content and habitat suitability predictions based on whale occurrence data from Yankee whaling logs (1792–1912) and from modern cetacean surveys (1995–2020). We built maximum entropy habitat suitability models containing static (bathymetry-derived) variables to compare models comprising historical-only and modern-only data. Using both historical and modern habitat suitability predictions  we assessed marine protected area (MPA) placement by contrasting suitability in- and outside MPAs. The historical model predicted high habitat suitability in shelf and coastal regions near continents and islands, whereas the modern model predicted a less coastal distribution with high habitat suitability more restricted to areas of steep topography. The proportion of high habitat suitability inside versus outside MPAs was higher when applying the historical predictions than the modern predictions, suggesting that different marine spatial planning optimums can be reached from either data sources. Moreover, differences in relative habitat suitability predictions between eras were consistent with the historical depletion of sperm whales from coastal regions, which were easily accessed and targeted by whalers, resulting in a modern distribution limited more to steep continental margins and remote oceanic ridges. The use of historical data can provide important new insights and, through cautious interpretation, inform conservation planning and policy, for example, by identifying refugee species and regions of anticipated population recovery.     

大地震与陆地下沉灾害综述

从早期传说、水下遗迹、历史记载、现代测量等多个方面对中外历史上的大地震造成的陆地下沉灾害进行了综述,说明大地震与陆地下沉有非常密切的联系;并指出这种灾害现象有以下几个主要特点:①下沉主要发生在地震过程中;②下沉最严重的地区位于震中区;③越大的地震下沉区规模越大,可达上千乃至上万平方公里。根据这些特点判断,这种下沉应该属于地壳构造运动。     

桥(门)式起重机安全运行监控记录装置的研制

针对桥式、门式起重机结构、运行和事故特点,应用微电子技术、集成电路和软件技术,研究开发由拱度监测、起重量监测、起升钢丝绳偏角监测、起升高度监测、制动器性能监测以及大车行走同步监测等6个模块组成的安全运行监控记录装置,对桥式、门式起重机运行中可能产生的安全隐患进行实时监测,并实现这些参数的实时显示、危险报警和紧急控制,对该装置的信号采集、传送、处理以及各功能模块之间的接口对接进行较详细的阐述。实例应用表明,该装置选择的6个监控参数能实现预期的安全保护功能和监控目的。     

山地历史小城镇的消防事故致因及其适应性对策研究

山地历史小城镇因区位偏远、地形地貌复杂、文物建筑密度大、居民文化水平偏低等多方面原因,导致消防工作难度大于其他小城镇。基于当前我国山地历史小城镇的消防建设工作处于被忽视的现状和小城镇建设步伐加快的背景,指出山地历史小城镇消防工作的紧迫性和重要性。以湖南洪江古城为例,针对山地历史小城镇的火灾特点,对其消防事故原因及其扑救障碍因素进行分析,提出山地历史小城镇消防工作的适应性对策。研究结果表明,山地历史小城镇的消防工作必须与保护不可再生文物建筑相结合,同时尊重山地生态环境,采用分区消防规划,结合科学的管理方法,做到消防方案的适应性与可行性。     

环境对青铜文物锈蚀的影响

通过对陕西省几个著名文物景点环境的监测和西安地区环境监测的报道,在分析中国古代青铜文物本体与锈体化学组成的基础上,提出了青铜文物的腐蚀机理－化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀。认为青铜文物锈蚀的条件是：含有氯离子、潮湿的酸性环境。从而指出：控制环境是保护文物的关键。要最大限度地延长青铜文物的寿命,必须改善环境条件,这是保护文物的根本措施。     

职业健康与安全风险认知研究进展及分析

为了解和掌握国内外职业健康与安全（OHS）风险认知的研究进展,检索截至2017年12月31日美国工程索引（EI）、Web of Science数据库、中国知网、万方数据资源系统、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库收录的职业健康与安全风险认知研究论文。研究结果表明:国外OHS风险认知研究较成熟,相关研究成果涉及各行各业;我国OHS风险认知研究起步较晚、成果较少,仅涉及建筑、采矿、化工等行业领域。进一步对956篇文献开展深入分析,总结OHS风险认知的测量、OHS风险认知的影响因素、OHS风险认知的影响结果、OHS风险认知的差异4个主题研究进展。在分析结果基础上,结合行业实际情况,对今后OHS风险认知发展提出4点建议,并进一步讨论OHS风险认知研究的未来发展方向。     

Conservation perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in Europe: A systematic review

Private forest owners are the main forest ownership group within Europe, and important conservation values have been found on their land. Yet, small plot sizes, societal heterogeneity, and structural changes impede developing and implementing effective conservation programs in private forests. We present a systematic literature review focusing on small-scale private forest owners and their perspectives on nature conservation by synthesizing research approaches, social-ecological drivers, and policy recommendations. Conservation perspectives were positively related to female gender, higher levels of education, formalized forest management, an active relation to the forest, and ecological values of the property. In contrast, high age, rural orientation, economic forest management factors, large parcel size, and economic and sentimental property values negatively influenced conservation perspectives. Applying a natural resource conflict management framework, we synthesized recommendations covering three dimensions: substance, procedure, relationship. Considering perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in current forestry decision-making has great potential to strengthen sustainable forest management that integrates nature conservation and resource use.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01615-w.     

Documenting Loss of Large Trophy Fish from the Florida Keys with Historical Photographs

Abstract:  A loss of large vertebrates has occurred in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but data to measure long-term population changes are sparse. Historical photographs provide visual and quantitative evidence of changes in mean individual size and species composition for groups of marine fish that have been targeted by sport fishing. I measured such trends for 13 groups of recreationally caught "trophy" reef fish with photographs taken in Key West, Florida, from 1956 to 2007. The mean fish size declined from an estimated 19.9 kg (SE 1.5) to 2.3 kg (SE 0.3), and there was a major shift in species composition. Landings from 1956 to 1960 were dominated by large groupers ( Epinephelus spp.), and other large predatory fish were commonly caught, including sharks with an average length of just <2 m. In contrast, landings in 2007 were composed of small snappers ( Lutjanus spp. and Ocyurus chrysurus ) with an average length of 34.4 cm (SE 0.62), and the average length of sharks declined by more than 50% over 50 years. Major declines in the size of fish caught were not reflected in the price of fishing trips, so customers paid the same amount for a less-valuable product. Historical photographs provide a window into a more pristine coral reef ecosystem that existed a half a century ago and lend support to current observations that unfished reef communities are able to support large numbers of large-bodied fish.     

The valuation of historical sites: a case study of Valdivia,Chile

The economic valuation of cultural heritage is an area of increasing interest and an important research topic in the emerging field of cultural economics. Many services and values associated with cultural heritage are not traded in markets, and their estimation requires methods developed for the valuation of non-market goods, such as those used in environmental economics. This paper applies the contingent valuation method with double dichotomous choice to estimate the value of historical sites in the city of Valdivia, Chile. The valuation exercise was implemented by designing a hypothetical guided walking tour to a cluster of historical sites in the city centre, and surveying tourists visiting the city during the summer of 2004. Parametric and non-parametric statistical methods were used to estimate the survival distribution and the mean and median estimates of the willingness-to-pay (WTP). The study emphasizes the importance of explicitly treating heterogeneous preferences and the sensitivity of the survival distribution to the estimation methods used.     

我国应急预案研究文献的定量分析

以同方知网的中国学术文献网络出版总库近10年所收录的应急预案研究文献为依据,运用文献计量学方法对应急预案研究文献的年代分布、来源分布、基金资助、著者情况、发文机构、引用次数及下载次数进行定性、定量统计分析,反映该研究领域的研究热点、发展趋势和研究动向,使研究者了解本领域研究热点、发展趋势和研究动向,为研究者科研选题提供参考信息。