Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

Background monitoring and long-range transport of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea

The background concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12were monitored to assess their impact on stratospheric ozone depletion and global warming from September 1995 to March 1999 at Kosan, Korea, located at eastern margin of the Asian Continent. The concentrations of atmospheric CFC-11 at Kosan have decreased slightly, at a rate of –2.5 pptv yr^-1, over the period in response to the Montreal Protocol. The CFC-12 mixing ratio at Kosan continues to increase in the atmosphere at a rate of 5.7 pptv yr^-1 despite international regulations, because of its extreme atmosphere persistence. Recent trends ofthese two chlorofluorocarbons at Kosan, Korea were concordant with those of the northern hemispheric background monitored unitat Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The maximum seasonal mean mixing ratios of CFC-11 and CFC-12 at Kosan, Korea, were 270±4 pptv inthe spring and 538±9 pptv in the winter, and the corresponding seasonal minima were 267±7 and 529±12 pptv. This occurred in the summer and was due to southeasterlywinds from the northwestern Pacific Ocean. By performing a three-day isentropic backward trajectory analysis, it was shownthat air masses at Kosan, and with the exception of summer, mainly originated from central and northern China. In particular, the mixing ratios of these two contaminant speciesare closely related with their air mass trajectories.     

旋转式滗水器的设计计算

对旋转式滗水器的工作特点和运动特性进行了研究 ,给出了其水力学计算公式和运动学计算公式 ,可供设计计算和运行管理旋转式滗水器时参考。     

马斯京根洪水演算模型的改进--兼论其参数的蚁群算法率定

针对马斯京根洪水演算模型的近似性问题，用曲线积分法改进了原模型中时段流量的简单算术平均值法，并利用连续性空间优化问题的蚁群算法对改进的马斯京根洪水演算模型进行参数最优估计，使演算流量更加接近实际。     

积雪灾害防治中的积雪深度与风速的计算

为防止积雪灾害的发生或采取必要的防治措施,必须弄清积雪灾害特征,分析积雪的影响因素,研究积雪灾害的发生机理,理顺积雪灾害的类型,探讨积雪灾害发生的规模,以确保工程建设及人民生命安全。降水量是积雪灾害首要因素,是积雪灾害物质的来源;气温的高低是造成积雪的前提;风不仅对水汽和降雪有影响,而且对积雪有再分配的作用;降雪量直接影响积雪分布,地形、风向、风速(风力)、植被、坡向等对积雪分布也有一定影响。在分析研究灾害积雪的特征、类型、影响因素、发生机制、规模以及发生的规律等同时,探讨了最大积雪深度、最大风速的计算方法。通过定量计算,为研究积雪灾害的防治提供依据。     

箱式水幕系统的流动分析及其在地下建筑中的应用

箱型水幕系统是用于地下建筑的消防系统之一，本介绍了水幕系统在地下建筑火灾中的应用，并采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法，对箱体内部及水幕喷嘴处水流的流动状况进行了模拟计算，结果表明，箱体内存在复杂的旋涡结构，该旋涡结构对水幕喷嘴处的水流速度影响很大，喷嘴处流速的不均匀会导致水幕不均匀，从而影响水幕防火隔烟的效果。     

单侧接触埋置结构与瞬态SH波的动力相互作用——时域边界元分析

应用时域边界元法 ,研究了单侧接触埋置结构与瞬态SH液 (剪切横波 )的动力相互作用 ,当入射SH波足够强时 ,界面会出现局部滑移并假设摩擦遵守库仓定理。笔者从实际情况出发 ,提出了新的数学模型和计算方法 ,计算了埋置矩形结构与瞬态SH波的动力相互作用问题 ,由于对此类问题的深入研究 ,为评估和预测埋置结构在动荷载下的安全性及疲劳寿命提供了重要的理论价值     

某商厦裙房大梁开裂原因分析

从施工反演分析、结构分析、配筋构造影响和混凝土收缩影响等方面分析了某商厦裙房大梁开裂的原因。     

江苏省里下河腹部地区防洪效益计算

通过建立特定工程条件下洪涝淹没面积与水文特性之间的相关关系，并合理确定单位面积资产值和洪灾综合财产损失率，提出了防洪效益计算的一种简易可行的方法，并在里下河腹部地区进行了实际应用。     

在SO_2排污费征收工作中物料衡算法和实测法应用剖析

为了使ＳＯ２排污费的征收有个比较准确的确定方法,对物料衡算法和实测法进行了比较试验。系统分析了物料衡算法的误差产生原因,对实测法中的瞬时值法和连续采样法进行了比较,得出结论：物料衡算法测算ＳＯ２有较大的误差;应尽可能采用连续采样法测定ＳＯ２;对于有大量废气排放的单位,应尽量保持煤源的一致性,减少不必要的纠纷。