Implications of high altitude desert dust transport from Western Sahara to Nile Delta during biomass burning season

The air over major cities and rural regions of the Nile Delta is highly polluted during autumn which is the biomass burning season, locally known as black cloud. Previous studies have attributed the increased pollution levels during the black cloud season to the biomass or open burning of agricultural waste, vehicular, industrial emissions, and secondary aerosols. However, new multi-sensor observations (column and vertical profiles) from satellites, dust transport models and associated meteorology present a different picture of the autumn pollution. Here we show, for the first time, the evidence of long range transport of dust at high altitude (2.5-6 km) from Western Sahara and its deposition over the Nile Delta region unlike current Models. The desert dust is found to be a major contributor to the local air quality which was previously considered to be due to pollution from biomass burning enhanced by the dominant northerly winds coming from Europe.     

潜流人工湿地系统停留时间分布与N、P浓度空间变化

通过人工湿地小试装置,研究了风车草和香蒲水平潜流人工湿地处理富营养化养殖水体过程中水力停留时间分布（RTD）特征和系统内N、P浓度空间变化规律.结果表明,供试的香蒲潜流湿地和风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线特征值σ²分别为0.324 6和0.410 8,表明水流流态介于推流与混合流之间,风车草潜流湿地系统RTD曲线较香蒲潜流湿地平滑,水流混合流动程度较弱. 2种植物类型湿地床体总氮（TN）和氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）浓度在垂直方向上的分层现象明显,尤其在湿地床体前端;TN浓度随着取样点深度增加而上升,而NH⁺₄-N浓度则以中层取样点为最低;对于总磷（TP）和正磷酸盐（PO^3-₄-P）浓度, 2种植物类型湿地系统内均表现为随取样点深度增加而上升,但这种差异随沿程而降低. 与香蒲湿地相比较,风车草潜流湿地系统N、P浓度分层现象更为明显.风车草湿地系统后端各层取样点TN和TP平均浓度较香蒲湿地系统分别下降了19.8%和12.3%,说明风车草潜流湿地系统对富营养化养殖水体中氮、磷的去除效果优于香蒲湿地.     

Morphologie effects of channelization: the case of the Neebing-McIntyre floodway,Thunder Bay,Ontario, Canada

The Neebing-McIntyre floodway in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, has been constructed with a relatively straight and uniform trapezoidal channel, compared with the prechannelized sinuous reaches of the Neebing and the McIntyre rivers. The flow regime of the floodway also contrasts significantly with the prechannelized regime, because of the combination of discharges from these rivers into a new channel and the regulation of flows by a diversion structure. The maximum channel capacity of the floodway is about 284 m³ s^–1 (175-year regional flood), compared with about 40 m³ s^–1 and 60 m³ s^–1, respectively, for the Neebing and the McIntyre. According to regime theories, the construction of a straight and trapezoidal channel has upset the equilibrium of the stream system and therefore should lead to some accelerated erosion and sedimentation processes in the new channel immediately after construction. Erosion potential is particularly high during higher discharge events, when flow velocities are expected to be greater than the prechannelized velocities of the Neebing and the McIntyre. The overall sediment yield of the watershed is low (71t km^–2 yr^–1), compared with other documented watersheds of North America, but the rates of deposition in the floodway are relatively high, mainly due to the backwater effect of Lake Superior. Unless maintained by constant channel work, the floodway will tend to fill up with sediment, until a postconstructional equilibrium is reestablished.     

大型运输机水上迫降动力学分析及模型验证

目的 完善大型运输机水上迫降分析方法,提高分析精度。方法 以有限元和SPH方法为基础,开展大型运输机水上迫降动力学仿真。基于冯.卡门经典入水冲击理论,构造大型运输机机身底部吸力模型,提出基于工程修正的水上迫降动响应分析方法,并通过试验验证。结果 通过分析得出,飞机接水后,机头迅速上扬,俯仰角达到峰值后,机头向下运动,俯仰角逐渐减小,分析得到的飞机姿态变化与试验的变化趋势基本一致。结论 水上迫降模型试验表明,分析误差能够满足工程设计要求。     

反硝化细菌、硝酸钙和锆改性沸石联用对底泥中氮磷迁移转化的影响及硝态氮释放风险评估

本文考察了基于反硝化细菌、硝酸钙和锆改性沸石的组合技术(CN +DB+ZZ)对底泥中氮磷迁移转化的影响,并探讨了该技术的硝态氮释放风险.结果 发现,单一的硝酸钙处理(CN)虽然可以有效地抑制底泥中磷的释放,但是会造成上覆水体的氨氮和硝态氮污染.硝酸钙和反硝化细菌联合处理(CN+DB)尽管可以有效地抑制底泥中磷的释放,并...     

Dioxins,chlorophenols and other chlorinated organic pollutants in colloidal and water fractions of groundwater from a contaminated sawmill site

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The distribution of chlorinated organic contaminants in groundwater and the importance of colloids were studied in groundwater from a sawmill site contaminated by chlorophenol preservatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The groundwater was fractionated into three different size ranges: (1) >0.7 mum, (2) 0.4-0.7 mum and (3) 0.2-0.4 mum and the filtered water phase. The concentrations of chlorophenols (CP), chlorinated phenoxy phenols (PCPP), chlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE), chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) were determined in each fraction. The colloids were characterised regarding the chemical composition using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). RESULTS: Chlorophenols were mostly found in the water fraction and PCDD/Fs were found almost exclusively in the particulate fractions. For example, the filtered water phase contained 2,100 mug l(-1) and 0.72 ng l(-1) for CPs and PCDD/Fs, respectively, and the particulate fractions contained 27 mug l(-1) and 32 ng l(-1) for CPs and PCDD/Fs, respectively. XPS evaluation of the particulate phases showed no correlation between the surface chemistry of the particle properties and the distribution of chlorinated compounds. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that groundwater transport of CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs and PCDD/Fs may occur from contaminated sawmill sites and that the colloid-facilitated transport, especially of PCDD/Fs, is substantial. The results correlated well with previous studies of compounds sorbed to dissolved organic carbon, which indicate that dissolved and colloidal organic carbon facilitated the transport of PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs particularly. CONCLUSIONS: Several classes of chlorinated compounds were readily detected in the groundwater samples. Due to the differences in their physicochemical properties, CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs and PCDD/Fs vary in their partitioning between colloidal fractions and the filtered groundwater. The proportion of the bound fraction increased with an increasing hydrophobicity of the chlorinated compounds. The groundwater transport of colloid-associated pollutants from the site may be significant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The results imply that colloidal particles <0.7 mum are freely mobile in groundwater from this site. The groundwater transport of colloid-associated pollutants may be significant. However, the extent of the problem is not yet known and, thus, further research is needed to evaluate the impact of colloidal transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants. In Sweden alone, 400 to 500 sawmill sites are estimated to be contaminated with PCDD/Fs as a result of the former use of CP-based wood preservatives. The widespread use of CP mixtures for a variety of applications, including wood preservation, indicates that potential colloidal transport will be an issue of concern in many countries.     

Characteristics of the Predator–Prey Interactions and the Horizontal Distribution of Macrozoobenthos in Small Lakes of Different Types

The horizontal distribution and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos were studied in small lakes of the Darwin Nature Reserve (southern Vologda oblast). The aggregation index varied in the open areas of acid lakes, which indicated that communities of small acid water bodies were unstable. The aggregation was the lowest in the open area of a neutral lake. In acid lakes, the number and biomass of macroinvertebrates were the highest near the coasts. In the neutral lake, conversely, these values were maximum in open areas and low near the coast due to a strong pressure of predatory invertebrates and fish. An aggregating effect of invertebrate predators was observed near the coasts of lakes of different types.     

Exchange of sulfur pollution between Bulgaria and Greece

The EMAP model (Eulerian Model for Air Pollution) is applied for calculating the sulfur concentration and deposition fields for 1995 as based upon Bulgarian and Greek sources. The country-to-country budgets show that about 4% of the sulfur oxides emitted by Bulgaria are deposited over Greek territory, estimated at 28 kt S. Only 2% of sulfur compounds emitted by Greece are deposited over Bulgaria, estimated at 6.2 kt S for 1995. This data is in agreement with EMEP/MSC-W estimates and provides more details concerning time and space. The results can be used in decision-making, negotiating and the development of contamination strategies.     

重金属铜在砂质壤土土柱中运移的数值模拟

通过室内土柱出流实验,分析了重金属离子铜在饱和砂质壤土中的运移行为,发现高浓度的入流液有利于铜离子的运移。同时借助于软件包CXTFIT,用确定性平衡模型和非平衡两区模型对铜离子的出流动态进行了拟合,并预测了土柱不同深度处铜离子浓度随时间的变化过程。结果表明,室内饱和均质条件下,应用确定性平衡模型拟合参数模拟精度要高于非平衡两区模型,可以不用考虑不动水体对铜离子运移的影响。     

Reducing the risk level for pipelines transporting carbon dioxide and hydrogen by means of optimal safety valves spacing

In many countries where electricity generation is based on their natural resources of fossil fuels a need arises to implement new power engineering technologies that allow carbon dioxide capture. Simultaneously, efforts are made to find new energy carriers which, if fired, do not involve carbon dioxide emissions. Hydrogen is one of such fuels with this future potential which is now becoming increasingly popular. Obviously, this means that the two gases mentioned above – carbon dioxide and hydrogen – will be produced in large quantities in future, which in many cases will necessitate their transport over considerable distances. If a pipeline failure occurs, the transport of the gases may pose a serious hazard to people in the immediate vicinity of the leakage site. This paper presents an analysis of the possibility of reducing the level of risk related to pipelines transporting CO₂ and H₂ by means of safety valves. It is shown that for a 50 km long and a 0.4 m diameter pipeline transporting gas with the pressure of 15 MPa the individual risk level can be reduced from 1·10⁻⁴ to 6.5·10⁻⁷ for CO₂ and from 1·10⁻⁶ to 6·10⁻¹⁰ for H₂. The social risk can be diminished in similar proportions.