氮输入对沼泽湿地植物生长和氮吸收的影响

氮是湿地植物生长必不可少的营养元素之一,但当外源氮输入超出植物生长需要时,氮素将抑制植物生长。不同植物对氮输入的响应不同,同一植物不同器官对氮输入的响应也不一致。为了探讨氮输入对湿地植物生长和氮吸收的影响机制,本文选取滇西北典型湖泊湿地纳帕海湖滨挺水植物茭草（Zizania caduciflora）和水葱（Scirpus validus）为对象,通过控制实验,研究了3个不同氮输入水平[0 g·m-2·a-1（对照,CK）、20 g·m-2·a-1（N20）、40 g·m-2·a-1（N40）]对茭草和水葱生物量积累、根冠比、氮吸收的影响。结果表明：培养期内,茭草地上生物量始终表现为N40〉N20〉CK,即氮输入促进茭草地上生物量积累;而水葱地上生物量随培养时间不同而发生变化,培养早期N20处理促进水葱地上生物量积累,N40处理抑制水葱地上生物量积累。茭草地下生物量表现为N40〉CK〉N20,即氮输入不足抑制茭草地下生物量积累,足够氮输入促进茭草地下生物量积累;水葱地下生物量表现为CK〉N20〉N40,即氮输入抑制水葱地下生物量积累。植物地上部分和地下部分生长对氮输入的响应也不一致,导致植物根冠比发生变化,茭草根冠比表现为N20     

土荆芥挥发油对豌豆根边缘细胞的诱导和胁迫作用

为探讨化感胁迫对根边缘细胞的诱导效应,实验采用悬空气培养法培养豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)露白种子,在保留根边缘细胞和去除根边缘细胞状态下,选取相对根长、根边缘细胞数量及死亡率、果胶甲基酯酶（PME）等指标研究了豌豆根边缘细胞对不同剂量土荆芥挥发油化感作用的响应。结果表明：1）与对照相比,随着挥发油处理剂量增加,根的伸长被显著抑制（P<0.05）。2）每个处理时间内,随着土荆芥挥发油剂量增加,根边缘细胞数量整体表现出先增加后减少的趋势,在低剂量2μL处理中达极大值。3）土荆芥挥发油诱导豌豆根边缘细胞死亡,随着处理时间的延长和处理剂量的增加,这种毒害效应程度加剧,除去边缘细胞实验组中10μL挥发油处理24 h时,根边缘细胞死亡率达到100%。在较低剂量挥发油作用下,保留根边缘细胞组的根边缘细胞死亡率高于去除根边缘细胞组,而在高剂量挥发油处理情况则相反。4）在同一处理时间,随挥发油剂量增加,各处理组PME活性持续升高,去处边缘细胞组处理24 h后不同剂量处理皆显著高于对照,而根边缘细胞数量总体表现先增加后减少。综合以上结果,保留根边缘细胞的根尖根边缘细胞的数量减少量较少,说明根边缘细胞能缓解土荆芥挥发油的化感胁迫;去除根边缘细胞组的PME活性升高较多,表明土荆芥化感胁迫诱导了根边缘细胞的产生。     

全氟辛烷磺酸短期暴露对不同作物苗期生长的影响

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)作为一种新型持久性有机污染物,目前国内外对其生态毒性研究主要集中在水环境领域,而高等植物的生态毒性数据尚不完善。因此,本研究采用内培养方式,选取小麦、大麦、小白菜、三叶草、绿豆作为供试植物,利用根伸长、芽伸长、地上部分生物量等评价指标,研究了PFOS短期暴露对不同供试作物苗期生长的影响,建立了PFOS和作物苗期生长的剂量-效应关系,并对不同的评价指标进行相关性分析,筛选出表征PFOS生态毒性的敏感植物。结果表明,不同供试作物培育3 d后,PFOS对其于不同毒性终点的最小EC₅₀值为：小麦352 mg·kg^-1(根伸长)、大麦434 mg·kg^-1(根伸长)、三叶草794 mg·kg^-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、小白菜829 mg·kg^-1(地上部分生物量鲜重)、绿豆>1 000 mg·kg^-1,因此敏感程度依次为：小麦>大麦>三叶草>小白菜>绿豆。须根系作物小麦、大麦较直根系作物三叶草、小白菜和绿豆敏感,而须根系作物各评价指标的敏感程度依次为：根伸长>地上部分生物量鲜重>芽伸长>地上部分生物量干重,可见小麦的根伸长对PFOS污染最为敏感。各评价指标间均呈正相关关系,表明PFOS对同种植物的不同评价指标影响趋势一致。     

生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及根系分泌物的影响

生物有机肥通过调节微生物群落多样性来改善土壤生态环境,而根际微生物生态环境变化取决于根系分泌物的种类和数量.研究通过盆栽试验和离位溶液培养法研究了生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病及香蕉根系分泌物的影响.结果表明,生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病的防病效果高于有机肥和不施肥处理,生物有机肥和有机肥防病效果分别达到55.4%和28.5%;香蕉根系分泌物中低分子量有机酸包括草酸、苹果酸和反丁烯二酸,以草酸为主,ρ(草酸)占ρ(有机酸总量)的百分比为83.6%~93.0%;生物有机肥比有机肥更显著降低香蕉根系分泌物中ρ(苹果酸)、ρ(反丁烯二酸)和ρ(有机酸总量),不同处理处理根系分泌物的ρ(有机酸)依次为:有机肥>生物有机肥>不施肥;生物有机肥处理的氨基酸种类和质量浓度最大,有机肥次之,生物有机肥处理中根系分泌物的ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)、ρ(β-丙氨酸)、ρ(a-氨基丁酸)、ρ(谷氨酸)、ρ(天冬氨酸)和ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)均显著高于有机肥和不施肥处理;生物有机肥处理的主要氨基酸[各氨基酸质量浓度占ρ(氨基酸总量)的百分比大于5%]有磷酸丝氨酸、苏氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、乙醇氨和肌肽,其中ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)和ρ(γ-氨基丁酸)显著高于不施肥和有机肥处理;香蕉枯萎病病情指数与ρ(磷酸丝氨酸)、ρ(丝氨酸)、ρ(异亮氨酸)呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.99、-0.98和-0.95,与ρ(鹅肌肽)呈极显著正相关,相关系数为1.00.生物有机肥降低了根系分泌物中有机酸的质量浓度,增加了氨基酸的种类和质量浓度,且香蕉枯萎病病情指数与根系分泌物中一些氨基酸质量浓度存在显著相关性,这可能是生物有机肥在香蕉枯萎病防治中起作用的原因之一.     

Atmospheric NH3 as plant nutrient: a case study with Brassica oleracea

Nutrient-sufficient and nitrate- or sulfate-deprived plants of Brassica oleracea L. were exposed to 4 microl l(-1) NH3 (2.8 mg m(-3)), and effects on biomass production and allocation, N-compounds and root morphology investigated. Nitrate-deprived plants were able to transfer to atmospheric NH3 as nitrogen source, but biomass allocation in favor of the root was not changed by exposure to NH3. NH3 reduced the difference in total root length between nitrate-sufficient and nitrate-deprived plants, and increased the specific root length in the latter. The internal N status, therefore, might be involved in controlling root length in B. oleracea. Root surface area, volume and diameter were unaffected by both nitrate deprivation and NH3 exposure. In sulfate-deprived plants an inhibitory effect of NH3 on root morphological parameters was observed. These plants, therefore, might be more susceptible to atmospheric NH3 than nitrate-deprived plants. The relevance of the present data under field conditions is discussed.     

Imazethapyr persistence in sandy loam detected using white mustard bioassay

Field experiments were conducted during two years at Srem region to investigate the influence of meteorological conditions, time and rate of application on soil persistence of imazethapyr in sandy loam type of soil. Imazethapyr was applied PRE- and POST-EM and in both cases in three application rates: 80, 120 and 160 g a.i./ha. Soil samples were collected from the day of herbicide application in predetermined intervals up to one year after application and residual concentrations were determined with a white mustard root bioassay. Imazetapyr persistence was significantly influenced by meteorological conditions with average half-life being 6 days longer in season with lower precipitation level. Time of application induced slower imazethapyr dissipation resulting in higher average t_1/2 (seven and nine days in first and second year of examination, respectively). Application rates had no consistent effect on imazethapyr persistence. Imazethapyr residue level one year after application caused no visible injuries on white mustard shoots, while root growth reduction ranged from 4.6 to 27.7%. Obtained residue levels were further compared with known data on crop sensitivity in order to assess possibility of crop injuries one year after imazethapyr application.     

雾化生物反应器培养青蒿毛状根生产青蒿素

利用超声雾化生物反应器进行青蒿毛状根多层培养生产青蒿素．对超声雾化生物反应器中营养雾流动状况及毛状根生长过程的形态特征进行观察,并在合适的工艺条件下,经20d分批培养获得生物量10．3g／L,青蒿素产量179．1mg／L．     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥施用对三江平原湿地小叶章生物量及根冠比的影响

利用开顶箱薰气室（open—top chamber）试验装置,研究了不施氮（NN）、施常氮（MN,5g·m^2）和施高氮（HN,15g·m^2）3个氮素水平下大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）生物量和根冠比的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章生物量的影响因生长期而异。大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地上生物量的促进作用主要表现在生长前期,拔节期和抽穗期地上生物量较正常大气CO2浓度增加12．42％～22．60％,而腊熟期和成熟期仅增加3．11％～12．97％;大气CO2浓度升高对小叶章地下生物量的促进作用在生长后期表现明显,除拔节期外,小叶章地下生物量增加17．63％～42．20％。小叶章生物量和根冠比对大气CO2浓度的响应与供N水平有关。在HN水平下,大气CO2浓度升高使小叶章生物量和根冠比明显增加,在NN条件下促进作用则不显著。小叶章根冠比明显增加主要是地下生物量显著增长引起的。     

几种湿地植物根系生物量研究

根据不同植物不同时期在不同类型人工湿地中的根系生物量的测量结果,分析了湿地植物的生长状况及根系分布特点.以象草(Pennisetum purpureum)为优势种的潜流湿地比表面流湿地植物生长旺盛,在表面流湿地里象草3～5月生长旺盛,6月后出现枯萎,8月份甚至死亡;而潜流湿地的象草一直生长正常.5种湿地植物根系生物量的比较分析表明,5月份0～15cm土层的根系生物量以象草最多,其次是美人蕉(Canna indica)、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、芦苇(Phragmites communis),香蒲(Typha latifolia)最少;8月份美人蕉最多,其次是象草、香根草、芦苇,香蒲最少.15cm以下则是芦苇最多,其次是香蒲、香根草、美人蕉,象草最少.根系生物量的增幅则是芦苇最快,象草最慢.     

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of urban surface waters using freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 and Vicia faba root tip

The freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio-qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 test and the Vicia faba root tip test associated with solid-phase extraction were applied for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of organic substances in three rivers, two lakes and effluent flows from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Xi'an, China. Although the most seriously polluted river with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) showed high cytotoxicity (expressed as TII₅₀, the toxicity impact index) and genotoxicity (expressed as RMCN, the relative frequency of micronucleus), no correlative relation was found between the ecotoxicity and organic content of the water samples. However, there was a linear correlative relation between TII₅₀ and RMCN for most water samples except that from the Zaohe River, which receives discharge from WWTP and untreated industrial wastewaters. The ecotoxicity of the organic toxicants in the Chanhe River and Zaohe River indicated that cytotoxic and genotoxic effects were related to the pollutant source. The TII₅₀ and RMCN were also found to correlate roughly to the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water. Sufficient dissolved oxygen in surface water is thus proved to be an indicator of a healthy water environmental condition.