管线钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响因素

介绍了管线钢应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的类型、条件及特点.就环境因素、力学因素和材料因素对管线钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响进行了详细分析.在环境因素方面,近中性和高pH值分别导致了不同类型的SCC,H2S和CO2-3-HCO3-浓度升高促进管线钢SCC的发生,低温和外加过电位增加SCC的敏感性;力学方面,载荷类型及应变速率比实际应力对管线钢SCC的影响更重要;材料因素方面,化学成分、热处理工艺决定了显微组织,进而影响管线钢发生SCC敏感性.     

管线钢应力腐蚀机理的研究现状

综述了管线钢在不同环境下应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)行为与机理的研究现状.介绍了高pH-SCC的保护膜破裂-裂尖阳极溶解机理;重点分析了近中性pH-SCC的阳极溶解(AD),氢脆机制(HE),AD与HE混合机制等3种开裂机理;强调了AD与HE混合机制在近中性pH-SCC的重要作用.     

废塑料催化裂解烟气中污染物分析与解决方案

以河南某公司研发的日处理2t废塑料的催化裂解中试装置以例,对催化裂解烟气中污染物进行了监测与分析,认为裂解烟气中主要污染物为氯化氢、氮氧化物、苯并芘、苯及颗粒物,并提出了采用碱吸收+电捕焦油器+活性炭吸附+脉冲袋式收尘的环保解决方案.     

海工高强钢在海水中应力腐蚀研究进展

从高强钢材料的合金成分、金相组织、加工工艺、残余应力以及海水温度、Cl^－浓度、pH值等环境条件和腐蚀程度等方面总结了高强钢应力腐蚀的影响因素。结合高强钢的使用环境和力学特点,简述了高强钢的应力腐蚀开裂机理,包括氢致开裂理论、阳极溶解理论、腐蚀产物楔入理论、应力吸附破裂理论等。针对高强钢在海洋环境中的应力腐蚀问题,分别从组织成分优化、表面处理和阴极保护等方面论述了应力腐蚀防护方法。最后,展望了应力腐蚀机理与防护的发展方向。     

热空气作用下FM-2D橡胶材料老化本构模型研究

目的 建立热空气作用下氟醚-2D(FM-2D)橡胶材料的老化本构模型,形成老化作用下橡胶材料力学响应分析方法,为准确评估橡胶密封件使用寿命提供依据。方法 探究热空气作用下FM-2D橡胶材料老化机理,基于连续介质有限变形理论框架,采用热力学耗散势函数法,引入橡胶老化过程的势能函数,据此建立考虑橡胶材料老化的超弹性本构模型,基于橡胶老化试验,完成本构模型参数标定,实现老化作用下橡胶力学响应的预测。结果 建立了热空气作用下橡胶材料的老化本构模型,依据老化试验数据标定模型参数,分析了热空气作用下橡胶材料本构模型的可靠性。结论 建立的热空气作用下橡胶材料的老化本构模型可准确预测橡胶随老化时间演变的力学响应,有效模拟了橡胶材料的老化过程。     

椰糠生物炭对热区双季稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

基于稻菜轮作模式,选择海南双季稻田为对象进行氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的原位监测,探究椰糠生物炭对该系统稻田温室气体排放的影响.试验设当地常规施肥对照（CON）、氮肥配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（B1）、氮肥配施40 t·hm^-2生物炭（B2）及不施氮对照（CK）4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个水稻种植季稻田N₂O和CH₄排放,并估算增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,早稻季N₂O排放动态与土壤矿质氮含量密切相关,排放集中在水稻苗期与分蘖期施肥后,各处理早稻季N₂O累积排放量为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2,相较于CON处理,生物炭处理减排18%~43%,其中B2处理达显著水平;生物炭可能通过促进N₂O的还原减少早稻苗期N₂O排放;提高土壤硝态氮含量而增加了早稻分蘖期N₂O排放.晚稻季N₂O排放集中在抽穗期和成熟期,累积排放量为0.17~0.34 kg·hm^-2,B1处理减排37%,B2增加3%,差异均不显著.稻田CH₄排放高峰出现在早稻季后期与晚稻季前期.各处理早稻季CH₄累积排放量为3.11~14.87 kg·hm^-2,CK较CON处理增排39%,生物炭处理可能提高土壤通气性限制早稻季产CH₄能力,B1和B2处理分别较CON减排28%和71%;晚稻季CH₄累积排放量为53.1~146.3 kg·hm^-2,排放动态与NH₄⁺-N含量极显著正相关,CK和B1分别较CON处理增加52%和99%,B2处理显著增加176% CH₄排放.早稻季B1和B2处理较CON分别增产12.0%和14.3%,晚稻季分别增产7.6%和0.4%.由于晚稻季甲烷排放的增加,施用生物炭增加了双季稻田总增温潜势（GWP）,其中高量生物炭达显著水平;不同施用量生物炭对双季稻田温室气体排放强度（GHGI）无显著影响.椰糠生物炭在热区稻田温室气体减排方面的应用仍需进一步研究.     

电热板消解ICP-AES法测定农田土壤中的重金属

选用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,用电热板对土壤样品进行消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对土壤样品中铜、铅、锌、铬、锰、镍进行定量分析。实验表明,样品中所测重金属含量均满足国家二级标准,结果准确可靠,重复性好。且该方法操作简单,进样量少,定量迅速,准确度高,可同时检测多种元素,能够满足环境样品的分析。     

Sheep's wool insulation: A sustainable alternative use for a renewable resource?

Material selection in manufacturing may be characterized as a series of trade-offs between characteristics, properties, environmental impacts, sustainability, availability, and economics. Societal concerns about the environmental impacts of construction practices and materials have been expressed through an increase in the demand, production and use of “green” building products. This, combined with a desire to integrate more bioproducts and natural and renewable resources into the construction industry, has extended to the production and promotion of insulation made from sheep's wool.Although substantial literature exists on the insulation properties and other benefits of wool, less is known about the economics and manufacturing processes of sheep's wool insulation at varying scales of production. This paper contributes to this field of enquiry through presentation of the preliminary results of a wool insulation manufacturing pilot project, in which the scale and economics of the production of sheep's wool insulation were considered. Processing techniques, the impact of sheep breed, yield, energy use, and manufacturing costs were also examined. The results of the pilot project indicate that, while sheep's wool insulation produced at a smaller, or artisanal scale shows some potential, scale of operation and volume of production need to be carefully considered in order to ensure long-term sustainability of the operation. Using the least expensive sheep's wool available for the manufacture of wool batt insulation (and thereby reducing production costs) did not, in this pilot study, have a negative impact on productivity or product performance. Diversion of this waste stream of currently less marketable, and consequently less valuable wool, into the production of a green building material may offer small but significant benefit to sheep producers and the broader agricultural community, as well as consumers.     

Energy recovery from solid waste fuels using advanced gasification technology

Since the mid-1980s, TPS Termiska Processer AB has been working on the development of an atmospheric-pressure gasification process. A major aim at the start of this work was the generation of fuel gas from indigenous fuels to Sweden (i.e. biomass). As the economic climate changed and awareness of the damage to the environment caused by the use of fossil fuels in power generation equipment increased, the aim of the development work at TPS was changed to applying the process to heat and power generation from feedstocks such as biomass and solid wastes. Compared with modern waste incineration with heat recovery, the gasification process will permit an increase in electricity output of up to 50%. The gasification process being developed is based on an atmospheric-pressure circulating fluidised bed gasifier coupled to a tar-cracking vessel. The gas produced from this process is then cooled and cleaned in conventional equipment. The energy-rich gas produced is clean enough to be fired in a gas boiler (and, in the longer term, in an engine or gas turbine) without requiring extensive flue gas cleaning, as is normally required in conventional waste incineration plants. Producing clean fuel gas in this manner, which facilitates the use of efficient gas-fired boilers, means that overall plant electrical efficiencies of close to 30% can be achieved. TPS has performed a considerable amount of pilot plant testing on waste fuels in their gasification/gas cleaning pilot plant in Sweden. Two gasifiers of TPS design have been in operation in Grève-in-Chianti, Italy since 1992. This plant processes 200 tonnes of RDF (refuse-derived fuel) per day. It is planned that the complete TPS gasification process (including the complete fuel gas cleaning system) be demonstrated in several gas turbine-based biomass-fuelled power generating plants in different parts of the world. It is the aim of TPS to prove, at commercial scale, the technical feasibility and economic advantages of the gasification process when it is applied to solid waste fuels. This aim shall be achieved, in the short-term, by employing the cold clean product gas in a gas boiler and, in the longer-term, by firing the gas in engines and gas turbines. A study for a 90 MWth waste-fuelled co-generation plant in Sweden has shown that, already today, gasification of solid waste can compete economically with conventional incineration technologies.     

电拌热在污水处理系统中的应用

由于北方冬季气温较低，因冬季防冻及工艺需加装拌热装置，如果在污水处理系统中安装电拌热装置。不仅能有效的解决系统设备及管道的防冻问题，而且电拌热的运行成本较蒸汽拌热低、使用年限长，维护简单，有很好的使用及推广价值。