模拟成藏地质填埋及诱导填埋有机质生气的理论初探

填埋处理和垃圾生物气的开发利用是实现城市生活垃圾资源化、无害化、减量化处理的有效途径,引入模拟生物气成藏和含气系统的思路,开展地质填埋与诱导填埋有机质生气研究是对能源地质学和填埋设计理念的新探索.通过对比研究地质填埋结构与地质学中生物气藏系统的异同点、生气机理和影响因素的共性与差异,初步论证了将模拟生物气藏理论引入地质填埋设计、优化地质填埋结构、提高填埋有机质生物气化效率和抽排利用效率的可行性;探讨了生物气藏理论在构建地质填埋结构中的可能应用和启示.研究表明:模拟生物气藏地质填埋设计和非常规生物气开发理念具有理论依据和现实基础;生物气藏生、储、盖要素和运、圈、保过程的模拟可应用于垃圾地质填埋场的构建,微生物地球化学理论有助于对诱导填埋有机质生气条件优化的认识.     

穿越水体天然气管道的泄漏气和沼气的辨别技术

为精确分析天然气管道穿越水体或淤泥表面冒出气泡中气体全部组分及摩尔含量,排除天然气管道泄漏的可能性,对采集气体样品进行气相色谱检测与甲烷碳同位素相对含量检测.结果表明:通过对比穿越水体管道内天然气组分发现,2类气体样品存在很大特征性差异,排除天然气管道泄漏可能性.研究结果可为类似事件处置提供理论依据.     

浙江农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准修订需求分析与建议

以浙江《农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准》(DB33/973—2015)的修订为研究切入点,对比了现行标准与国家和浙江农村生活污水治理的管理要求,分析了浙江农村生活污水处理现状并梳理其他省(自治区、直辖市)标准情况.研究发现DB33/973—2015已不符合浙江实际情况且不能满足浙江对农村生活污水的管理需求,必须开...     

基于农户调查的农用地流转影响因素研究——以重庆市典型区(县)为例

农用地流转是充分发挥土地利用效益,实现农业规模化生产和产业化经营的一种积极探索,采用参与式农户评估法,以重庆市典型区(县)为例,对农用地流转的影响因素进行了探讨。分析结果表明:缺乏规范的操作程序与农用地流转中介组织、缺乏完善的社会保障体系以及区位条件的差异是影响重庆地区农用地流转的主要因素。建立健全农用地流转相关政策和农村社会保障制度,加速城镇化进程和加强农村基础设施建设对重庆地区的农用地流转具有积极的推动作用。     

高温干发酵对互花米草产气和结构的影响

互花米草的疯长已带来严重的环境问题,厌氧发酵提供了一种资源化的解决途径.通过渗滤床高温、干式发酵互花米草,考察其产气特性;并通过元素分析、X-ray和FT-IR分析,考察干发酵及预处理对互花米草物化性质的影响.结果表明:60 d高温干发酵互花米草,累计产气量为280.9 mL/g VS(0℃);总TS与VS去除率分别为...     

微波消解-自动电位滴定法测定生活垃圾中的氯含量

建立用微波消解技术处理城市生活垃圾样品,以自动电位滴定法测定城市生活垃圾中的氯含量.讨论微波消解条件、自动电位滴定仪工作参数、酸度及干扰情况,并对城市生活垃圾中的氯含量进行测定,相对标准偏差＜2.5%,回收率为97%～102.5%.     

Chemical and microbiological hazards associated with recycling of anaerobic digested residue intended for agricultural use

In the present study, three full-scale biogas plants (BGP) were investigated for the concentration of heavy metals, organic pollutants, pesticides and the pathogenic bacteria Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli in the anaerobically digested residues (ADR). The BGPs mainly utilize source-separated organic wastes and industrial food waste as energy sources and separate the ADR into an ADR-liquid and an ADR-solid fraction by centrifugation at the BGP. According to the Norwegian standard for organic fertilizers, the ADR were classified as quality 1 mainly because of high zinc (132-422 mg kg(-1) DM) and copper (23-93 mg kg(-1) DM) concentrations, but also because of high cadmium (0.21-0.60 mg kg(-1) DM) concentrations in the liquid-ADR. In the screening of organic pollutants, only DEHP (9.7-62.1 mg kg(-1)) and ∑ PAH 16 (0.2-1.98 mg kg(-1) DM) were detected in high concentrations according to international regulations. Of the 250 pesticides analyzed, 11 were detected, but only imazalil (<0.30-5.77 mg kg(-1) DM) and thiabendazol (<0.14-0.73 mg kg(-1) DM) were frequently detected in the ADR-fiber. Concentrations of imazalil and thiabendazol were highest during the winter months, due to a high consumption of citrus fruits in Norway in this period. Ten percent of the ADR-liquid samples contained cereulide-producing B. cereus, whereas no verotoxigenic E. coli was detected. The authors conclude that the risk of chemical and bacterial contamination of the food chain or the environment from agricultural use of ADR seems low.     

农村沼气建设对四川省节能减排的贡献——以西昌市的典型调查为例

以西昌市农村能源利用结构为例,分析发展农村户用沼气后,在能源的需求量减少的情况下,可以获得更多的热能,并达到减排的目的。     

球形氧化铝负载Ni-Co双金属催化剂上沼气重整制氢——操作条件的影响

前期研究开发出了活性、稳定性和抗积碳性能都较好的沼气重整制氢Ni-Co/La2O3-Al2O3催化剂。在此基础上选用商业球形氧化铝作为载体(4~5 mm)并掺杂La2O3,用浸渍法制备了Ni-Co/La2O3-Al2O3球形催化剂,以CH4/CO2体积比为1的混合气模拟沼气,考察了操作条件对工业尺度催化剂沼气重整反应性能的影响。结果表明:负载活性组分的γ-Al2O3球形催化剂的沼气重整活性基本达到小试的水平。反应温度升高有利于提高催化剂的重整活性,850℃以上催化剂的活性趋于稳定。反应温度升高有利于减少催化剂的表面积碳,却加速了金属颗粒的团聚。随着空速的增加,催化剂的活性显著降低。较好的催化剂还原方式为用纯H2在700℃下还原2 h,用该方式还原的催化剂反应后金属粒径较小,平均积碳速率较低。     

An overview on biogas generation from anaerobic digestion of food waste

Food waste is an inevitable type of waste in every city, and its treatment technology evolves with time. Due to the high organic content and high biodegradability of food waste, anaerobic digestion becomes a commonly accepted treatment method to deal with it. This review article summarizes key factors for anaerobic digestion and provides useful information for successful anaerobic digestions. Reasonable temperature and pH are essential for a successful and productive anaerobic digestion process. A good inoculum to substrate ratio triggers a profitable food waste digestion. Good mixing and small particle sizes are important factors too. In addition, the pros and cons of different reactors to food waste digestion are highlighted. Moreover, co-digestion of food waste with animal manures, sewage sludge, and green waste were introduced.