The environmental dimension of national security: A test of systems analysis methods

The systems approach permits us to analyze national security as a cluster of interconnected elements, in which the environmental dimension appears to be the most important one. The environmental problem is divided into two main aspects: environmental security per se and the impact of environment on the overall status of a nation's security. It is argued here that the quality of life and health serve as both the main objective and the principal criterion of environmental security in a social system. Indices of these two factors are used in this article as indicators of the state of this type of security. They confirm that vast areas of Russia, the Ukraine, and Central Asia (especially the Aral Sea region) should be considered as presenting a substantial risk to local people and even producing global impacts on both natural and man-made systems. Environmental factors that destabilize national security are also divided into two groups: those that impact social systems directly and negatively (mainly natural disasters) and technological and sociopolitical agents that cause indirect impacts, in both war and peace time, as well as in the civil and military sectors of the economy. Developments in the former Soviet Union (the Commonwealth of Independent States) are used as an illustration of the consequences that such impacts may have on the status of national security.     

论人与自然的失衡

自从人在地球上产生,便有了人与自然的关系,随着全球性的生态危机的出现,使人与自然的关系问题更加突出,人口、资源、环境和发展的矛盾日益尖锐,人们对环境问题的认识不断深化。     

The influence of gravidity on Down's syndrome screening with free beta hCG

Total human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels have been shown in one previous small study to vary with gravidity. In order to establish if maternal serum free beta hCG was similarly affected, approximately 4500 pregnancies of varying gravidity were analysed. The results indicated that there was a 6 per cent higher median MOM in primigravid compared with multigravid women. The impact of such elevation in Down's syndrome screening programmes will be minimal.     

用自旋捕集技术研究氟化物刺激人多形核白细胞呼吸爆发产生的活性氧自由基

用ESR波谱研究证明,F~-刺激人多形核白细胞(PMN)呼吸爆发产生活性氧自由基(O_2~-和·OH),同时消耗O_2.用DMPO自旋捕集技术表明,在高浓度F~-刺激下PMN产生DMPO-OOH加合物;在低浓度F~-刺激下则产生DMPO-OH;在适中浓度F~-刺激下PMN先产生DMPO-OOH,随浓度降低变为DMPO-OH.用超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的实验确定氧自由基主要来自O_2~-.用CTPO和CrOX的自旋探针测氧法证明,PMN受F~-刺激产生氧自由基时消耗的O_2是细胞外介质中的O_2.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中的痕量钼

介绍了用石墨炉（无火焰）原子吸收光谱法直接测定饮用水、地表水及废水中痕量钼的原理、过程，讨论了实验条件的优化、线性范围的选择，并对检出限、精密度和准确度做出评估。对钼标准物质（编号GBW199041）进行测定，测定结果与标准值相吻合。该方法测定的线性范围为0．0047mg／L-0．1000mg／L，检测限为0．0001mg／L，相对标准差为0．8％～1．6％，回收率为101%～107%，具有线性范围宽，简单，快速，准确等特点，在饮用水、地表水及废水中痕量钼的检测中具有很好的适用性。     

二恶英的来源、危害及污染控制

二恶英不仅来源于苯酚类杀虫剂，消毒剂，而且来源于含氯化学工业品，通过呼吸系统和食物链富集进入人体，造成人体许多复杂疾病并引起环境激素问题，应从源头治理，加强二恶英的检测和食品安全管理，提高人们的自我防范意识。     

气候舒适度的体感分级：季节锚点法与中国案例

气候舒适度对人居环境和人类活动具有深远影响,相关的评价模型/指数在建筑设计、城市规划、人体健康和旅游发展等领域有着广泛应用。体感分级标准作为气候舒适度评价模型不可或缺的关键环节,对模型效度有着重要的裁量权,也是实践应用中最终的度量衡工具。目前体感分级标准研究和应用中异地套用和局地实测的传统做法,在制定国家尺度普适性标准时遇到较大瓶颈。本文试图提出包含“定级—定名—定点—定宽”等基本环节的“季节锚点法”这一新的体感分级思路,并基于中国1981-2010年间814个基本（基准）气象站点的日值气象数据,以温湿指数和风效指数为例开展了实证研究。研究给出了“暑—热—暖—温—凉—冷—寒”这一针对中国区域的7级体感划分标准,并具体给出了温湿指数和风效指数在各体感等级上的阈值区间,进而在此基础计算评价了中国气候舒适期和不舒适期的时间长短、空间格局及其历时变化,得到一些有益发现。未来的研究可以进一步就细分人群、测试模型和区域差异等方面的体感分级标准开展更多深入探索。     

珠江三角洲城市人居环境测评与分析

基于人居环境系统理论,运用层次分析法构建了一个包含四个一级子系统、九个二级子系统和三十六个基层指标的珠三角城市人居环境评价指标体系.选取1997年、2000年和2002年三个时间断面对珠三角城市人居环境进行测算.结果表明,珠三角城市人居环境系统工业化中期阶段特征明显,人居环境建设开始进入软环境主导时代,但发展的协调性和稳定性明显较差.同时人居环境的改善还面临着区域产业整合带来的严峻挑战.     

Landscape ecological characteristics in temporal changes of riverside open space in urbanized area

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｉｎＪａｐａｎ，ｔｈｅｒｉｖｅｒｓｐａｃｅｉｎｕｒｂａｎａｒｅａｓｉｓｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｒｉｖｅｒｐａｒｋｓ，ｒｉｖｅｒｏｐｅｎｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｎａｔｕｒｅｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄｂａｎｋ．Ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎ...     

Human Settlements on the Northern Shores of Lake Aral and Water Level Changes

The shore of Lake Aral in Kazakhstan is a perfect area for studying the human adaptation strategy to past climate changes. New archaeological material, gathered along the northern shores during the expedition of the INTAS project CLIMAN, is briefly presented. Changes in settlement activity during the Atlantic and Subboreal are related to lake level changes of the Aral Sea. A previ-ously proposed lake level maximum needs to be revised. In particular the lake level stand at 72/73 m, with an assumed age of 5000 BP is definitely refused. Based on the presented data the maximum lake level most probably never reached beyond 57/58 mean average sea level (masl). Furthermore the regression during the 15^th–16^th centuries has been underestimated. It may have been lower than the present day level. Thus the present desiccation of the Aral Sea is historically not unique, as a similar regression, probably induced by man as well, has occurred at least once during history. A readjustment of the water level is, therefore, possible at any time.